World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

Gen. Setaphis Simon, 1893 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02477

type Drassus parvulus Lucas, 1846; gender feminine

N.B.: see note under Zelotes albomaculatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901).

Transferred to other genera:

Setaphis anchoralis Purcell, 1908 -- see Zelotes

Setaphis arcus Tucker, 1923 -- see Ibala

Setaphis bechuanica Purcell, 1908 -- see Zelotes

Setaphis bicolor Simon, 1908 -- see Zelotes

Setaphis bilinearis Tucker, 1923 -- see Ibala

Setaphis bulawayensis Tucker, 1923 -- see Ibala

Setaphis calviniensis Tucker, 1923 -- see Ibala

Setaphis hessei Lawrence, 1928 -- see Ibala

Setaphis kaokoensis Lawrence, 1928 -- see Ibala

Setaphis lapidaria Lawrence, 1928 -- see Ibala

Setaphis lightfooti Tucker, 1923 -- see Zelotes

Setaphis mccowani Chatzaki & Russell-Smith, 2017 -- see Turkozelotes

Setaphis omuramba Lawrence, 1927 -- see Ibala

Setaphis quadrativulva Lawrence, 1927 -- see Ibala

In synonymy:

Setaphis berlandi (Denis, 1945, T from Camillina) = Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 9)

Setaphis brachialis (Garneri, 1902, T from Zelotes) = Setaphis carmeli (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 6)

Setaphis caporiaccoi (Roewer, 1951) = Setaphis fuscipes (Simon, 1885) (Levy, 1998c: 99)

Setaphis convoluta (Denis, 1953, T from Zelotes) = Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 9)

Setaphis fibulata (Berland, 1936) = Setaphis atlantica (Berland, 1936) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 16)

Setaphis latipes (Canestrini, 1873) = Setaphis carmeli (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Simon, 1914: 219, sub Zelotes)

Setaphis longestylus (Caporiacco, 1936) = Setaphis fuscipes (Simon, 1885) (Levy, 1998c: 99)

Setaphis lubrica (Simon, 1905, T from Camillina) = Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 9)

Setaphis lucasi Roewer, 1951 = Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 5)

Setaphis lutea (Tucker, 1923, T from Camillina) = Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 9)

Setaphis mandae (Tikader & Gajbe, 1977, T from Nodocion) = Setaphis browni (Tucker, 1923) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 14)

Setaphis oppenheimeri (Tikader, 1973, T from Drassodes) = Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 10)

Setaphis pharetratus (Karsch, 1881, T from Echemus) = Setaphis mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Bosmans & Janssen, 1999: 86)

Setaphis quadridentatus (Caporiacco, 1928, T from Pseudodrassus) = Setaphis mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Bosmans & Hervé, 2021: 61)

Setaphis quadridentatus (Strand, 1906, T from Zelotes) = Setaphis mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Bosmans & Hervé, 2021: 61)

Setaphis stylus (Di Franco, 1994) = Setaphis fuscipes (Simon, 1885) (Levy, 1998c: 99)

Setaphis suavis (Simon, 1878) = Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846) (Pavesi, 1884a: 467, sub Prosthesima)

Setaphis vivesi (Marinaro, 1968, T from Camillina) = Setaphis algerica (Dalmas, 1922) (Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 7)

Setaphis algerica (Dalmas, 1922) | | Spain, Algeria urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027936

Camillina algerica Dalmas, 1922: 83 (Dmf) Original description

Camillina algerica Marinaro, 1968: 699, f. 19-20 (m)

Camillina vivesi Marinaro, 1968: 699, f. 21a (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063687]

Setaphis algerica Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 7, f. 9-12 (mf, T from Camillina, S of Camillina vivesi)

Setaphis algerica Bosmans & Janssen, 1999: 82, f. 1-4 (mf)

Setaphis atlantica (Berland, 1936) | | Cape Verde urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027939

Camillina atlantica Berland, 1936: 72, f. 4-5 (Df) Original description

Camillina fibulata Berland, 1936: 72, f. 6-8 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063678]

Setaphis atlantica Schmidt & Krause, 1994c: 8 (T from Camillina)

Setaphis fibulata Schmidt & Krause, 1994c: 8 (T from Camillina)

Setaphis atlantica Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 16, f. 41-44 (mf, S of Setaphis fibulata)

Setaphis browni (Tucker, 1923) | | Central and Southern Africa to Pakistan, India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027942

Camillina browni Tucker, 1923: 341, pl. 9, f. 58 (Df) Original description

Liodrassus mandae Tikader & Gajbe, 1977a: 20, f. 4A-D (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063682]

Liodrassus mandae Tikader, 1982b: 384, f. 208-212 (f)

Nodocion mandae Brignoli, 1983c: 574

Setaphis browni Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 14, f. 33-36 (Dm, f, T from Camillina, S of Nodocion mandae)

Setaphis browni Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020a: 10, f. 6A-D (f)

Setaphis browni Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021C: 61, 6 f. (mf)

Setaphis canariensis (Simon, 1883) | | Canary Is., Madeira urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027945

Echemus canariensis Simon, 1883: 292, pl. 8, f. 16 (Df) Original description

Echemus canariensis Bösenberg, 1895: 6, f. 10 (f, Dm)

Camillina canariensis Denis, 1941a: 111 (T from Echemus)

Setaphis canariensis Schmidt, 1990b: 12 (T from Camillina)

Setaphis canariensis Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 20, f. 57-60 (f, Dm; N.B.: males previously placed here were misidentified)

Setaphis carmeli (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) | | Canary Is., Mediterranean, Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027946

Melanophora carmeli O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 248, pl. 16, f. 29 (Dmf) Original description

Melanophora latipes Canestrini, 1873: 45 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063688]

Melanophora latipes Canestrini, 1876: 207, pl. 10, f. 3 (m)

Prosthesima latipes Simon, 1878a: 79

Prosthesima carmeli Simon, 1878a: 99

Prosthesima brachialis Garneri, 1902: 67 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063675]

Zelotes carmeli Simon, 1914: 180, 219, f. 386-388 (mf, S of Zelotes latipes)

Zelotes carmeli Denis, 1952f: 123, f. 21-24 (mf)

Zelotes carmeli Jézéquel, 1962a: 532, f. 16 (f)

Zelotes carmeli Marinaro, 1968: 699, f. 21b (m)

Setaphis carmeli Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 6, f. 5-8 (mf, T from Zelotes, S of Zelotes brachialis)

Setaphis carmeli Levy, 1998c: 96, f. 2-5 (mf)

Setaphis carmeli Chatzaki, Thaler & Mylonas, 2003: 55, f. 40-41 (m)

Setaphis carmeli Trotta, 2005: 165, f. 285-286 (mf)

Setaphis carmeli Suárez, 2018: 61, f. 3a-c (f)

Setaphis carmeli Lecigne, Moutaouakil & Lips, 2025: 132, f. 74A-C (m)

Setaphis fuscipes (Simon, 1885) | | Morocco to Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027947

Echemus fuscipes Simon, 1885i: 36 (Dmf) Original description

Zelotes longestylus Caporiacco, 1936b: 75, f. 2-3 (Dmf; preoccupied by Simon, 1914, see Zelotes longestylus) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063689]

Zelotes caporiaccoi Roewer, 1951: 443 (replacement name for Z. longestylus) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063676]

Zelotes longistylus Bonnet, 1959: 4933 (invalid emendation)

Camillina fuscipes Schmidt, 1973: 364 (T from Echemus)

Zelotes stylus Di Franco, 1994b: 214 (superfluous replacement name; f. 1-4 see Setaphis simplex) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063685]

Setaphis fuscipes Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 8, f. 13-16 (mf, T from Camillina)

Setaphis fuscipes Levy, 1998c: 99, f. 10-13 (mf, S of Zelotes caporiaccoi, Z. longestylus Caporiacco and Z. stylus, all removed from S of Setaphis simplex, rejecting Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 13)

Setaphis fuscipes Bosmans & Janssen, 1999: 84, f. 5-8 (mf)

Setaphis fuscipes Murphy in Logunov, 2022a: 97, f. 26 (mf)

Setaphis gomerae (Schmidt, 1981) | | Canary Is., Turkey? urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027948

Camillina gigas Schmidt, 1973: 362, f. 4a-b (m; misidentified per Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 17)

Zelotes gomerae Schmidt, 1981: 91, f. 3 (Df) Original description

Setaphis gomerae Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 17, f. 45-48 (Dm, f, T from Zelotes)

Setaphis gomerae Akpınar et al., 2011: 16375, f. 1c-d (m; N.B.: presumably misidentified)

Setaphis jocquei Platnick & Murphy, 1996 | | Ivory Coast urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027950

Setaphis jocquei Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 15, f. 37-40 (Dmf) Original description

Setaphis makalali FitzPatrick, 2005 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:040626

Setaphis makalali FitzPatrick, 2005: 237, f. 3-6 (Dmf) Original description

Setaphis makalali Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021C: 62, 2 f. (mf)

Setaphis mediterranea Levy, 2009 | | Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:042297

Setaphis mediterranea Levy, 2009: 21, f. 47-50 (Dmf) Original description

Setaphis mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) | | Morocco to Egypt, Italy (Sicily), Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027954

Prosthesima mollis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874a: 381, pl. 51, f. 9 (Df) Original description

Echemus pharetratus Karsch, 1881a: 11, pl. 1, f. 8 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063684]

Prosthesima quadridentata Strand, 1906b: 613 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028358]

Scotophaeus quadridentatus Caporiacco, 1928b: 85, f. 2 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027772]

Pseudodrassus quadridentatus Caporiacco, 1935a: 286

Echemus mollis Roewer, 1955c: 418

Camillina mollis Schmidt, 1973: 364 (T from Echemus)

Setaphis mollis Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 12, f. 25-28 (Dm, f, T from Camillina)

Setaphis mollis Levy, 1998c: 97, f. 6-9 (mf)

Setaphis mollis Bosmans & Janssen, 1999: 86, f. 9-12 (mf, S of Echemus pharetratus)

Zelotes quadridentatus Nentwig et al., 2020: 24 (nomen dubium)

Setaphis mollis Bosmans & Hervé, 2021: 61 (S of Pseudodrassus quadridentatus and Zelotes quadridentatus [removed from nomen dubium])

Setaphis mollis Nicolosi et al., 2024: 1019, f. 3a-e (m)

Setaphis mollis Lecigne, Moutaouakil & Lips, 2025: 67, f. 39A-I (mf)

Setaphis murphyi Wunderlich, 2011 | | Canary Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:043971

Setaphis murphyi Wunderlich, 2011: 51, f. 93-97 (Dmf) Original description

Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846) | | Mediterranean urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027956 TYPE SPECIES

Drassus parvulus Lucas, 1846: 219, pl. 13, f. 6 (Dm; preoccupied by Blackwall, 1834, see Dictyna arundinacea, but the two species were never considered congeneric) Original description

Melanophora parvula Simon, 1864: 117

Prosthesima suavis Simon, 1878a: 76, pl. 14, f. 6 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063686]

Prosthesima parvula Pavesi, 1884a: 467 (S of Prosthesima suavis)

Setaphis parvula Simon, 1893a: 374

Setaphis suavis Simon, 1893a: 374

Setaphis lucasi Roewer, 1951: 443 (superfluous replacement name) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063680]

Setaphis parvula Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 5, f. 1-4 (mf, S of Setaphis lucasi)

Setaphis parvula Murphy, 2007: 37, f. 186-187 (mf)

Setaphis parvula Seyyar et al., 2017: 126, f. 2-4 (f)

Setaphis salrei Schmidt, 1999 | | Cape Verde Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027958

Setaphis salrei Schmidt, 1999e: 8, f. 4-5 (Df) Original description

Setaphis sexmaculata Simon, 1893 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027959

Setaphis sexmaculata Simon, 1893e: 310 (Dmf; N.B.: probably an Ibala, per Fitzpatrick, 2009: 75) Original description

Setaphis simplex (Simon, 1885) | | Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027960

Echemus simplex Simon, 1885i: 36 (Df) Original description

Camillina simplex Schmidt, 1973: 364 (T from Echemus)

Zelotes stylus Di Franco, 1994b: 214, f. 1-4 (mf; misidentified per Bosmans & Janssen, 1999: 88)

Setaphis simplex Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 13, f. 29-32 (Dm, f, T from Camillina, S of Zelotes caporiaccoi, Z. longestylus Caporiacco and Z. stylus, all rejected by Levy, 1998c: 99, see Setaphis fuscipes)

Setaphis simplex Bosmans & Janssen, 1999: 88, f. 13-16 (mf)

Setaphis simplex Trotta, 2005: 166, f. 287-288 (mf)

Setaphis solanensis (Tikader & Gajbe, 1977) | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027615

Nodocion solanensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1977c: 73, f. 6A-D (Df) Original description

Nodocion solanensis Tikader, 1982b: 456, f. 363-367 (f)

"Setaphis" solanensis Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020a: 10, f. 5A-D (f, T from Nodocion)

Setaphis spiribulbis (Denis, 1952) | | Morocco urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027961

Zelotes spiribulbis Denis, 1952f: 125, f. 25-26 (Dm) Original description

Setaphis spiribulbis Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 9, f. 17-18 (m, T from Zelotes)

Setaphis subtilis (Simon, 1897) | | West and South Africa to Ethiopia, Egypt, Middle East to Pakistan, India, Thailand, Philippines urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027962

Mulicymnis subtilis Simon, 1897h: 97 (Df, unjustified emendation of generic name) Original description

Mulicymnis lubrica Simon, 1905a: 169 (Df, unjustified emendation of generic name) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063679]

Camillina lubrica Berland, 1919: 462 (T from Melicymnis)

Camillina subtilis Berland, 1919: 463 (T from Melicymnis)

Camillina luteus Tucker, 1923: 343, pl. 9, f. 60 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063681]

Camillina berlandi Denis, 1945b: 47, f. 13-14 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063674]

Zelotes convolutus Denis, 1953b: 338, f. 3-4 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063677]

Camillina lutea Roewer, 1955c: 411

Melicymnis subtilis Roewer, 1955c: 427

Melicymnis lubrica Roewer, 1955c: 427

Drassodes oppenheimeri Tikader, 1973a: 186, f. 1-5 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063683]

Drassodes lubrica Tikader, 1982b: 406, f. 253-256 (f; no justification for the generic transfer)

Drassodes oppenheimeri Tikader, 1982b: 400, f. 238-243 (mf)

Zelotes cavaleriei Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 184, f. 106a-g (m; misidentified per Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 547)

Setaphis subtilis Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 9, f. 21-24 (mf, T from Camillina, S of Camillina berlandi, C. lubrica, C. lutea, Drassodes oppenheimeri and Zelotes convolutus)

Setaphis subtilis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 547, f. 948-952 (mf)

Drassodes oppenheimeri Gajbe, 2007: 469, f. 125-130 (mf)

Setaphis subtilis Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018a: 685, f. 8C (f)

Setaphis subtilis Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 604, f. 12g, 19j, S8j, S12h, S13f (f)

Setaphis subtilis Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021C: 64, 4 f. (mf)

Setaphis subtilis Abdel-Ghani, Hassan & Sallam, 2023: 33, f. 10a-b (mf)

Setaphis tikaderi (Gajbe, 1993) | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027616

Liodrassus tikaderi Gajbe, 1993f: 247, f. 1-5 (Df) Original description

Liodrassus tikaderi Gajbe, 2007: 467, f. 120-124 (f)

Setaphis tikaderi Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020a: 10 (T from Nodocion, probably S of Setaphis browni)

Setaphis villiersi (Denis, 1955) | | Niger, Somalia, Ethiopia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027963

Camillina villiersi Denis, 1955b: 110, f. 9 (Df) Original description

Setaphis villiersi Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 12, 21, f. 19-20, 61-62 (Dm, f, T from Camillina)

Setaphis walteri Platnick & Murphy, 1996 | | Canary Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027964

Setaphis walteri Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 18, f. 49-52 (Dmf) Original description

Setaphis wunderlichi Platnick & Murphy, 1996 | | Canary Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027965

Setaphis wunderlichi Platnick & Murphy, 1996: 19, f. 53-56 (Dmf) Original description