World Spider Catalog

Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Hadrotarsidae Thorell, 1881: 190 (sub Hardotarsoidae, removed from the synonymy of Oonopidae by Roewer, 1963a: 122, contra Roewer, 1942a: 287) by Forster, Platnick & Coddington, 1990: 111 (after Wunderlich, 1978a: 25 and Wunderlich, 1986: 95, contra Baert, 1984a: 615 and Davies, 1985: 67), who recognized an expanded Hadrotarsinae as well as a separate subfamily Spintharinae Simon, 1894a: 512 (sub Spinthareae); the subfamily Theonoeinae Simon, 1894a: 586 (sub Theonoeae) (synonym Pholcommatinae Simon, 1894a: 589, sub Pholcommateae), which include Theonoe Simon, 1881, Carniella Thaler & Steinberger, 1988, Robertus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 and Pholcomma Thorell, 1869, is circumscribed by Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 51; Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 also mention the subfamilies Argyrodinae Simon, 1881a: 14 (sub Argyrodini) and Latrodectinae Petrunkevitch, 1928: 117 (junior synyonym of Dipoeninae Simon, 1894a: 561, sub Dipoeneae).

In synonymy:

Chacoca Badcock, 1932 = Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Levi, 1959c: 18)

Gen. Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:00702

type Aranea tredecimguttata Rossi, 1790; gender masculine

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Chacoca Badcock, 1932: 9 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05700] (type C. antherata Badcock, 1932) by Levi, 1959c: 18.

In synonymy:

Latrodectus agoyangyang Plantilla & Mabalay, 1935 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus atritus Urquhart, 1890 = Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 (Vink et al., 2008: 599)

Latrodectus carolinus (Butler, 1877, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus carteri Badcock, 1932 = Latrodectus antheratus (Badcock, 1932) (Abalos, 1980: 43)

Latrodectus concinnus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Smithers, 1944: 301)

Latrodectus cretaceus Badcock, 1932 = Latrodectus antheratus (Badcock, 1932) (Mello-Leitão, 1946b: 34, sub L. carteri)

Latrodectus distinctus (Badcock, 1932) = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Abalos, 1980: 49)

Latrodectus flavodorsatus (Badcock, 1932) = Latrodectus antheratus (Badcock, 1932) (Abalos, 1980: 43)

Latrodectus foliatus Mello-Leitão, 1940 = Latrodectus curacaviensis (Müller, 1776) (Levi, 1959c: 39)

Latrodectus formidabilis Walckenaer, 1837 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 379)

Latrodectus geographicus van Hasselt, 1888 = Latrodectus curacaviensis (Müller, 1776) (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 254)

Latrodectus geometricus modestus Caporiacco, 1949 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus geometricus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1949 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus geometricus subalbicans Caporiacco, 1949 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus hahli Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 (Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus hasselti aruensis Strand, 1911 = Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 (Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus hasselti indicus Simon, 1897 = Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 (Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus incertus Lawrence, 1927 = Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902 (Lotz, 1994a: 46)

Latrodectus insularis Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus insularis lunulifer Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus intersector Walckenaer, 1837 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus lineamentus (McCook, 1879, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus lineatus (Hentz, 1850, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 379)

Latrodectus luzonicus Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus mactans albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus mactans mexicanus Gonzalez, 1954 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 28)

Latrodectus mactans texanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 = Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 (Kaston, 1970: 39, contra Levi, 1959c: 28)

Latrodectus malmignatus tropicus van Hasselt, 1860 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus melanozanthus (Urquhart, 1887, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 (Bryant, 1933b: 11)

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Charitonov, 1954 = Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 (Levi, 1959c: 38)

Latrodectus perfidus Walckenaer, 1837 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus sagittifer Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus schuchi C. L. Koch, 1836 = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Levi, 1959c: 26)

Latrodectus stuhlmanni Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865 (Lotz, 1994a: 28)

Latrodectus tadzhicus Marusik & Tarabaev, 1995 = Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959 (Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 333)

Latrodectus verecundus (Hentz, 1850, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 379)

Latrodectus zebrinius (Urquhart, 1890, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 (Bryant, 1933b: 11)

Latrodectus zickzack (Karsch, 1878, T from Theridion) = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 252)

Latrodectus zorilla (Walckenaer, 1841, T from Tetragnatha) = Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 379)

Nomina dubia:

Latrodectus dotatus C. L. Koch, 1841a: 115, pl. 284, f. 683 (m, USA) -- Levi, 1959c: 26

Latrodectus limacidus Cantor, 1842: 491 (China) -- Roewer, 1955c: 1537

Latrodectus pallidus immaculatus Caporiacco, 1933: 323 (f, Libya) -- Levi, 1959c: 38

Latrodectus antheratus (Badcock, 1932) | | Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007799

Chacoca antherata Badcock, 1932: 10, f. 5 (Dm) Original description

Chacoca flavodorsata Badcock, 1932: 11, f. 6 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062434]

Latrodectus carteri Badcock, 1932: 12, f. 8 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062430]

Latrodectus cretaceus Badcock, 1932: 13 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062432]

Latrodectus carteri Mello-Leitão, 1946b: 34 (S of Latrodectus cretaceus)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 68 (f; misidentified per Abalos, 1980: 43)

Latrodectus no. 1 Abalos & Báez, 1967b: 61, f. 3.3, 4.7-8, 5.13 (mf; here per Abalos, 1980: 43)

Latrodectus antheratus Abalos, 1980: 43, f. 18, 45-55 (mf, removed from S of Latrodectus curacaviensis, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 38, S of Latrodectus carteri and L. flavodorsatus, S of L. cretaceus confirmed; L. carteri, L. cretaceus and L. flavodorsatus removed from S of L. curacaviensis, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 38)

Latrodectus apicalis Butler, 1877 | | Galapagos urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007800

Latrodectus apicalis Butler, 1877: 75, pl. 13, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus apicalis Roth & Craig, 1970: 121 (removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181)

Latrodectus apicalis Baert et al., 2023: 32, f. 117A-D (mf)

Latrodectus bishopi Kaston, 1938 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007802

Latrodectus mactans bishopi Kaston, 1938e: 60 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus bishopi McCrone & Levi, 1964: 15, f. 2, 4-7 (mf, removed from S of Latrodectus curacaviensis, rejecting Levi, 1958: 1055, elevated from subspecies of L. mactans)

Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865 | | Cape Verde, Africa, Oman, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007803

Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865b: 341 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus stuhlmanni Dahl, 1902a: 45 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062456]

Latrodectus cinctus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 256, pl. 26, f. 4f (f)

Latrodectus cinctus Lotz, 1994a: 28, f. 4a-c, 5, 6a-e (Dm, f, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, S of L. stuhlmanni, both rejecting Levi, 1959c: 26)

Latrodectus cinctus Lotz, 1994b: 12, f. 4a-c, 5, 6a-e (mf)

Latrodectus cinctus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 332, f. 9-11 (f)

Latrodectus cinctus Zamani et al., 2014: 59, f. 2D, 3D, 4D (mf)

Latrodectus cinctus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 38, 5 f. (mf)

Latrodectus cinctus Nejati et al., 2022: 1088, f. 3a-b (f)

Latrodectus cinctus Souri et al., 2024: 100, f. 1A-B, 2M-O (f)

Latrodectus corallinus Abalos, 1980 | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007804

Latrodectus no. 2 Abalos & Báez, 1967b: 65, f. 3.4, 4.9-10, 5.14, 6, 9.21 (mf; here per Abalos, 1980: 39)

Latrodectus corallinus Abalos, 1980: 39, f. 19, 31-37 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus corallinus Santos et al., 2025b: 139, f. 6-11 (f)

Latrodectus curacaviensis (Müller, 1776) | | Caribbean, South America urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007805

Aranea curacaviensis Müller, 1776b: 342 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Thorell, 1875e: 141 (Dm)

Latrodectus geographicus van Hasselt, 1888: 176, pl. 5, f. 1-4 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062515]

Latrodectus geographicus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 379, pl. 35, f. 21-22 (f, Dm)

Latrodectus curacaviensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 254, pl. 27, f. 4 (S of Latrodectus geographicus)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Tullgren, 1905: 27, pl. 3, f. 7 (f)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Carbonell, 1923a: 351, f. 3

Latrodectus foliatus Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 35, f. 33 (Dm; f [pl. I, f. 4] see Latrodectus mactans) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062435]

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1958: 1055 (removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 16; S of L. mactans bishopi, revalidated by McCrone & Levi, 1964: 15, sub L. bishopi)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 2-4, 16-18, 35-36, 52, 70-71 (mf, f f. 38 see Latrodectus antheratus, other figs. in part misidentified, see L. variolus; S of Chacoca distincta, C. flavodorsata, L. antheratus, L. carteri, L. cretaceus, L. foliatus and L. variegatus; L. antheratus revalidated by Abalos, 1980: 43 with S of L. carteri, L. cretaceus and L. flavodorsatus; L. variegatus removed from S of L. mactans, rejecting F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378, and revalidated by Abalos, 1980: 47; S of Chacoca = L. distinctus rejected by Abalos, 1980: 49, see L. geometricus)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Carcavallo, 1960: 91, f. 2, 6, 9 (mf)

Latrodectus curacaviensis McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13, f. 1, 16-17 (f)

Latrodectus sp. Bücherl, 1965: 95, f. 1-6 (m)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Abalos, 1980: 46, f. 56 (f)

Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959 | | North Africa, Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007806

Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959c: 42, f. 11-12 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus dahli Tystshenko & Ergashev, 1974: 934, f. 1-5, 9 (Dm, f)

Latrodectus dahli Levy & Amitai, 1983: 55, f. 37-41 (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Ergashev, 1990: 65, f. 31.1-5, 9 (mf)

Latrodectus tadzhicus Marusik & Tarabaev, 1995: 212, f. 1-4 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007825]

Latrodectus dahli Marusik & Tarabaev, 1995: 213, f. 5-6 (f)

Latrodectus dahli Levy, 1998b: 108, f. 198-202 (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 333, f. 3, 12-19 (mf, S of Latrodectus tadzhicus)

Latrodectus dahli Knoflach, 2002b: 169, f. 4a (f)

Latrodectus dahli Knoflach, 2004: 184, f. 24b (f)

Latrodectus dahli Kakhki, 2005: 56, f. 4A-E (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Jäger & Gromov, 2011: 188, f. 1-2 (f)

Latrodectus dahli Zamani et al., 2014: 59, f. 2A, 3A, 4B (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Najim & Al-Hadlak, 2020: 143, f. 4A-D (f)

Latrodectus dahli Souri et al., 2024: 100, f. 1C-D, 2D-F (f)

Latrodectus dahli Zamani et al., 2024a: 304, f. 10C-D (f)

Latrodectus dahli Lecigne, Moutaouakil & Lips, 2025: 147, f. 91M-O (f)

Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo, 1960 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007807

Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo, 1960: 85, f. 3-4, 7, 10 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 57, f. 8 (f; misidentified per Abalos, 1980: 38)

Latrodectus diaguita Abalos, 1980: 38, f. 24-30 (mf, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 57)

Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898 | | India, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038316

Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898: 293 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus hasselti elegans Simon, 1909e: 97

Latrodectus mactans Zhu, 1998: 294, f. 199A-C (f, misidentified)

Latrodectus mactans Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 123, f. 63H-I (f, misidentified)

Latrodectus elegans Ono, 2002d: 3, f. 1 (apparently considered distinct from L. hasselti)

Latrodectus elegans Yoshida, 2003a: 47, f. 91-96 (mf, removed from S of L. hasselti, contra Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus elegans Yoshida, 2009b: 363, f. 69-73 (mf)

Latrodectus elegans Kananbala et al., 2012: 2719, f. 1-5, images 1-5 (f)

Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas, 1991 | | India, Sri Lanka urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007808

Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas, 1991: 7, f. 1 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus garbae Rueda & Realpe, 2021 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053606

Latrodectus garbae Rueda & Realpe in Rueda et al., 2021: 260, f. 4A-I, 11A-H (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 | | Africa. Introduced to both Americas, St. Helena, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Hawaii urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007809

Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841a: 117, f. 684 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus geometricus Thorell, 1875e: 138, pl. 25, f. 4 (f)

Theridium zickzack Karsch, 1878b: 311, pl. 8, f. 1 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062516]

Latrodectus geometricus Keyserling, 1884a: 148, pl. 7, f. 92 (f, Dm)

Latrodectus geometricus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378, pl. 35, f. 23-24

Latrodectus geometricus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 252, pl. 27, f. 7 (S of Theridion zickzack)

Latrodectus concinnus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904b: 152, pl. 10, f. 3-4 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062431]

Latrodectus geometricus Strand, 1908f: 464, f. B, D (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Carbonell, 1923a: 351, f. 1

Latrodectus geometricus Brazil & Vellard, 1926: 266, pl. 22, 2 unnumbered figs. (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Petrunkevitch, 1930a: 175, f. 14-16 (f)

Chacoca distincta Badcock, 1932: 11, f. 7 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062433]

Latrodectus geometricus Smithers, 1944: 301, f. 6c, 7b, 8d, 17-20 (mf, S of Latrodectus concinnus)

Latrodectus geometricus modestus Caporiacco, 1949a: 376 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062436]

Latrodectus geometricus subalbicans Caporiacco, 1949a: 376 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062438]

Latrodectus geometricus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1949a: 377 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062437]

Latrodectus geometricus Levi, 1959c: 21, f. 8-10, 25-28, 37, 39-51, 80-83 (mf, S of Latrodectus geometricus modestus, L. g. obscuratus and L. g. subalbicans)

Latrodectus geometricus Biasi, 1962: 327, f. 1-2 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Levi & Levi, 1962: 59, f. 253 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos & Báez, 1963: 198, f. 1-3, 20-22 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Chrysanthus, 1963: 737, f. 53-54, 113 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 59, f. 10-11 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos, 1967: 269, f. 11A-D (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos & Báez, 1967a: 24, f. 9-10, 15-16 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos & Báez, 1967b: 60, f. 4.11-12, 7-8 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Levi, 1967c: 185, f. 57-59 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Zumpt, 1968: 385, f. 2 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos, 1980: 49, f. 17, 65-68 (mf, S of Latrodectus distinctus, removed from S of L. curacaviensis, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 39)

Latrodectus geometricus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 56, f. 42-46 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Müller, 1985a: 27, f. 1-3 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Song & Qiu, 1987: 82, f. 24 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Lotz, 1994a: 11, f. 1a-d, 2a, 2c-d, 8a (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Lotz, 1994b: 11, f. 1a-d, 2a, 2c-d, 8a (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Levy, 1998b: 110, f. 203-206 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 339, f. 2, 20-28 (mf)

Latrodectus geometoricus Yoshida, 2003a: 48, f. 97-102 (mf, lapsus)

Latrodectus geometricus Knoflach & Pfaller, 2004: 138, f. 21a-b (m)

Latrodectus geometricus Agnarsson, 2004: 569, f. 54A-C, F, 55A-H (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Agnarsson, Coddington & Knoflach, 2007: 345, f. 12 (m)

Latrodectus geometricus Shukla & Broome, 2007: 775, f. 1, 2a-c (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Bayram et al., 2008b: 100, f. 2-3, 4a-d (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Yoshida, 2009b: 363, f. 74-77 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Saaristo, 2010: 276, f. 37.154 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Le Peru, 2011: 455, f. 742 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Simó et al., 2013: 372, f. 1-2 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Satam, 2015: 37, f. 1-7 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Muslimin et al., 2015: 1, f. 2A-E, G, I (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Rozwałka, Dawidowicz & Wawer, 2017: 62, f. 3-4 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Cazanove, 2019: 11, f. 1A-B, 2, 3A-B, 4, 7A-B (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Wang & Zhang, 2019: 124, f. 1, 2A-B, 3A-G (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Sentenská et al., 2021: 3, f. 1a-c, 3a-b, 4a-b, 9a-d (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Cabrera-Espinosa & Valdez-Mondragón, 2021: 4, f. 14-16, 18-20, 27-29, 38-41 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 39, p. 37: 1 f., p. 39: 5 f., p. 40: 4 f., p. 41: 3 f. (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abdel-Ghani, Hassan & Sallam, 2023: 37, f. 26a-b (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Baert et al., 2023: 32, f. 118A-D (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Murcia-Moreno & Gálvez, 2025: 7, f. 3A-D (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Sentenská et al., 2025: 4, f. 1a-b, 2a-f, 3a-d, 4a-e, 5a-b, 6a-i, 7a-c (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Kokami & Baba, 2025: 83, f. 4-5 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Sherwood, 2025b: 147, f. 17A-C (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 | | Southeast Asia to Australia. Introduced to Pakistan, India, Japan, New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007810

Latrodectus hasseltii Thorell, 1870c: 369 (Dm) Original description

Latrodectus scelio Thorell, 1870c: 370 (Df)

Latrodectus hasselti L. Koch, 1872a: 276, pl. 23, f. 2-3 (m, Df)

Latrodectus scelio L. Koch, 1872a: 279, pl. 23, f. 4 (f)

Latrodectus scelio indicus Simon, 1897h: 98 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062442]

Latrodectus indicus Pocock, 1900a: 237

Latrodectus ancorifer Dahl, 1902a: 43 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062440]

Latrodectus hasselti F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 26, f. 4, pl. 27, f. 6

Latrodectus hasselti indicus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 27, f. 1

Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer Kulczyński, 1911c: 443

Latrodectus hasselti aruensis Strand, 1911d: 136 (Dj) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062441]

Latrodectus cinctus Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 10 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus hasselti Hickman, 1967: 44, f. 72-76 (mf)

Latrodectus hasseltii Patel, 1973: 150, f. 5-6 (f)

Latrodectus mactans hasselti Chrysanthus, 1975: 38, f. 138-143 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans hasselti Nishikawa, 1976b: 186, f. 5-14 (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Forster, 1995a: 13, f. 4 (removed mf from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus hasselti Kim, Cho & Lee, 2003: 83, f. 17-19 (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Yoshida, 2003a: 45, f. 85-90, 555 (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Snow, Abdel-Mesih & Andrade, 2006: 380, f. 1, 2a-b (mf)

Latrodectus hasseltii Vink et al., 2008: 600, f. 3K-O (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Yoshida, 2009b: 363, f. 64-68 (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Eberhard & Huber, 2010: 265, f. 12.14 (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Goyal & Malik, 2017: 441, f. 2a-d (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Akhtar et al., 2020: 113, f. 2A-D, 3E-F (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 | | Canada, USA, Mexico. Introduced to Israel, Korea urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007811

Latrodectus mactans hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935a: 15, f. 1, 4, 6-14, 21, 23-33 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans texanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935a: 14, f. 3, 15-18 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062460]

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 28 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Bhatnagar & Rempel, 1962: 465, f. 1-69 (mf, misidentified)

Latrodectus variolus Levi, 1969: 72 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus hesperus Kaston, 1970: 39, f. 11a-h, 13e, f, h (removed mf from S, S of Latrodectus mactans texanus)

Latrodectus ?hesperus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 53, f. 29-36 (mf)

Latrodectus ?hesperus Levy, 1998b: 104, f. 190-197 (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Desales-Lara, Jiménez & Corcuera, 2018: 6, f. 18-19 (m)

Latrodectus hesperus Choi et al., 2019: 143, f. 2A-D (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Jiménez, Palacios-Cardiel & Chávez-Lara, 2020: 16, f. 36-37 (m)

Latrodectus hesperus Cabrera-Espinosa & Valdez-Mondragón, 2021: 4, f. 11-13, 24-26, 34-37 (mf)

Latrodectus hesperus Collier et al., 2023: 112, f. 2A-C, 3A-D, 4A-B (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Purgat & Švecová, 2025: 108, f. 2A-B, 3A-C, 4A-B, 5A-B (mf)

Latrodectus hesperus Sherwood, 2025b: 147, f. 17G-P (m)

Latrodectus hurtadoi Rueda & Realpe, 2021 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053607

Latrodectus hurtadoi Rueda & Realpe in Rueda et al., 2021: 262, f. 5A-E, 12A-H (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus hystrix Simon, 1890 | | Yemen (mainland, Socotra) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007812

Latrodectus hystrix Simon, 1890a: 99 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus hystrix F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 252, pl. 26, f. 2

Latrodectus hystrix Levi, 1959c: 42, f. 13-14, 29-30, 32 (f)

Latrodectus hystrix Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 346, f. 4, 29-38 (f, Dm)

Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 | | Namibia, South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007813

Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904b: 154, pl. 11, f. 1 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus indistinctus Smithers, 1944: 266, f. 1-9, 12-15, 20f (f, Dm)

Latrodectus indistinctus Lotz, 1994a: 33, f. 5, 7a-c, 8c-g (removed mf from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus indistinctus Lotz, 1994b: 14, f. 5, 7a-c, 8c-g (mf)

Latrodectus indistinctus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 42, p. 37: 1 f., p. 42: 5 f., p. 43: 2 f. (mf)

Latrodectus karrooensis Smithers, 1944 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007814

Latrodectus indistinctus karrooensis Smithers, 1944: 298, f. 16 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 28 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus karrooensis Lotz, 1994a: 39, f. 5, 9a-b, 10a-c (elevated mf from subspecies of L. indistinctus)

Latrodectus karrooensis Lotz, 1994b: 15, f. 5, 9a-b, 10a-c (mf)

Latrodectus karrooensis Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 44, 4 f. (mf)

Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007815

Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871: 57, pl. 5, f. a-g (Dmf) Original description

Theridium melanozantha Urquhart, 1887: 102, pl. 8, f. 8 (Dj) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062452]

Theridium zebrinia Urquhart, 1890c: 256 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062457]

Latrodectus katipo atritus Urquhart, 1890c: 259 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007801]

Latrodectus katipo F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 27, f. 5

Latrodectus katipo Bryant, 1933b: 11 (S of Theridion melanozanthum and T. zebrinium)

Latrodectus katipo Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 10

Latrodectus hasseltii atritus Parrott, 1948: 162 (recognized as subspecies)

Latrodectus atritus Forster, 1995a: 23 (elevated from subspecies, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus katipo Forster, 1995a: 22 (mf, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus katipo Vink et al., 2008: 599, f. 3A-J (mf, S of Latrodectus atritus, S of Theridion melanozanthum and T. zebrinium confirmed [both removed from S of L. mactans, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 27])

Latrodectus katipo Paquin, Vink & Dupérré, 2010: 62, f. 34.4-6 (mf)

Latrodectus lilianae Melic, 2000 | | Spain urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:037048

Latrodectus lilianae Melic, 2000a: 21, f. 4A, 6C, 7B-C, 8C, F-I, 9B-C, 11-13 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus lilianae Le Peru, 2011: 455, f. 743 (f)

Latrodectus lilianae Wunderlich, 2017b: 310, f. 20A, 21 (m)

Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) | | Probably native to North America only. Introduced to South America, Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007816

Aranea mactans Fabricius, 1775: 432 (D) Original description

Aranea mactans Fabricius, 1793: 410 (D)

Latrodectus mactans Walckenaer, 1805: 82 (T from Aranea)

Meta schuchii C. L. Koch, 1836a: 10, f. 167 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062455]

Latrodectus formidabilis Walckenaer, 1837: 647 (Df; probably to Latrodectus variolus per McCrone & Levi, 1964: 14) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062477]

Latrodectus perfidus Walckenaer, 1837: 647 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062478]

Latrodectus mactans Walckenaer, 1837: 648 (Df)

Latrodectus intersector Walckenaer, 1837: 649 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062479]

Latrodectus schuchii C. L. Koch, 1837b: 7, pl. 1, f. 14 (f)

Tetragnatha zorilla Walckenaer, 1841: 221, pl. 19, f. 2 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062480]

Latrodectus mactans C. L. Koch, 1841a: 115, f. 682 (f)

Theridion verecundum Hentz, 1850: 280, pl. 10, f. 1-2 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062481]

Theridion lineatum Hentz, 1850: 281, pl. 10, f. 3 (Dm; preoccupied by Clerck, 1757, see Enoplognatha ovata) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062482]

Latrodectus malmignatus tropica van Hasselt, 1860: 62, pl. 5, f. 1-6 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062483]

Theridion carolinum Butler, 1877: 75, pl. 13, f. 3 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062484]

Theridion lineamentum McCook, 1879b: 203 (replacement name for Theridion lineatum Hentz) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062485]

Latrodectus mactans Keyserling, 1884a: 145, pl. 7, f. 91 (Dm)

Latrodectus mactans McCook, 1889: 274, f. 250-252 (mf)

Lathrodectus mactans Tullgren, 1901a: 6, pl. 1, f. 2 (f, lapsus)

Latrodectus mactans Emerton, 1902: 123, f. 288, 291 (mf)

Latrodectus insularis Dahl, 1902a: 41 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062444]

Latrodectus insularis lunulifer Dahl, 1902a: 41 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062445]

Latrodectus sagittifer Dahl, 1902a: 42 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062454]

Latrodectus hahli Dahl, 1902a: 44 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062439]

Latrodectus luzonicus Dahl, 1902a: 44 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062446]

Latrodectus mactans F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378, pl. 35, f. 19-20 (mf, S of Latrodectus dotatus [nomen dubium by Levi, 1959c: 26], L. formidabilis, L. thoracicus [revalidated by Aguilera, D'Elía & Casanueva, 2009: 163], L. variegatus [S of L. curacaviensis by Levi, 1959c: 38, revalidated by Abalos, 1980: 47], L. variolus [revalidated by McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13], Tetragnatha zorilla, Theridion lineatum Hentz and T. verecundum)

Latrodectus mactans F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 253, pl. 27, f. 2

Latrodectus mactans Petrunkevitch, 1911: 181 (S of Latrodectus apicalis [revalidated by Roth & Craig, 1970: 121], L. insularis, L. intersector, L. malmignatus tropicus, L. perfidus, Theridion carolinum and T. lineamentum)

Latrodectus mactans Carbonell, 1923a: 351, f. 2

Latrodectus mactans Petrunkevitch, 1925a: 103, f. 10 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Brazil & Vellard, 1926: 266, pl. 22, unnumbered fig. (f)

Latrodectus albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930: 11 (Dj) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062429] = [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062458]

Latrodectus mactans Petrunkevitch, 1930a: 172, f. 10-13 (mf)

Latrodectus agoyangyang Plantilla & Mabalay, 1935: 188, f. 1 (Dmf; presumably rather S of Latrodectus hasselti] [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062428]

Latrodectus mactans Franganillo, 1936b: 81, f. 41-42 (m)

Latrodectus mactans albomaculatus Franganillo, 1936b: 81 (Df, reduced to subspecies)

Latrodectus mactans Franganillo, 1936c: 57, f. 24-25 (m)

Latrodectus foliatus Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 35, pl. I, f. 4 (f; misidentified per Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 58)

Latrodectus mactans Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 16 (S of Latrodectus curacaviensis; revalidated by Levi, 1958: 1055)

Latrodectus mactans mexicanus Gonzalez, 1954: 455, f. 1 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062459]

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 24, f. 1, 5-7, 15, 19-21, 53-67, 72-79 (mf; S of Latrodectus agoyangyang, L. albomaculatus = mactans albomaculatus, L. cinctus, L. hahli, L. incertus, L. insularis lunulifer, L. katipo, L. katipo atritus, L. luzonicus, L. mactans mexicanus, L. renivulvatus, L. sagittifer, L. schuchi, L. stuhlmanni, Theridion melanozanthum and T. zebrinium; L. cinctus revalidated by Lotz, 1994a: 28, incl. S of L. stuhlmanni; L. renivulvatus revalidated by Lotz, 1994a: 46, incl. S of L. incertus; L. katipo and L. katipo atritus revalidated by Forster, 1995a: 22, 23; S of Theridion melanozanthum and T. zebrinium, rejected by Vink et al., 2008: 599, see L. katipo).

Latrodectus mactans Carcavallo, 1960: 91, f. 1, 5, 8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Wiehle, 1960c: 466, f. 11a-c (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Levi & Levi, 1962: 59, f. 254 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 58, f. 1-7, 9, 12-16 (mf, S of Latrodectus diaguita, revalidated by Abalos, 1980: 38)

Latrodectus mactans Wiehle, 1967c: 200, f. 14-16 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1967c: 185, f. 60-62 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Zumpt, 1968: 385, f. 3 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Kaston, 1970: 37, f. 2, 12, 13a-d, g, i, k (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Bücherl, 1972: 19, f. 10b (f)

Latrodectus mactans Canese, 1972b: 87, f. II, IV (f)

Latrodectus mactans Levi & Randolph, 1975: 39, f. 6-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Abalos, 1980: 31, f. 14-16 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Roth, 1982: 47-8, f. 6-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Roth, 1985: B43-7, f. 6-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Coddington, 1990: 17, f. 87 (m)

Latrodectus mactans Schmidt & Klaas, 1991: 9, f. 3 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Breene et al., 1993: 57, f. 23A-B, 24A-B (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Roth, 1994: 181, f. 7-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 457, f. 276a-f (f)

Latrodectus mactans Kim, 1999b: 23, f. 13-15 (f)

Latrodectus schuchi Schmidt, Piepho & Samm, 2001: 1 (probably not S of Latrodectus mactans or L. tredecimguttatus, records from Canary Is. and North Africa probably belong to L. lugubris)

Latrodectus mactans Kim, Cho & Lee, 2003: 83, f. 13-15 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Agnarsson, 2004: 569, f. 54D-E (m)

Latrodectus mactans Jäger, 2009: 35, f. 1-2 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Gómez-Rodríguez & Salazar, 2012: 3, f. I.9A-B (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Macas-Pogo & Astudillo, 2019: 61, f. 3-6 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Vanuytven, 2021: 27, 176, f. A.13d, B.166 (m)

Latrodectus mactans Cabrera-Espinosa & Valdez-Mondragón, 2021: 4, f. 8-10, 17, 21-23, 30-33 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Sherwood, 2025b: 147, f. 17Q-S (f)

Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863 | | Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles (Aldabra) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007817

Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863: 306, pl. 8, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus menavodi F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 27, f. 3

Latrodectus menavodi Lotz, 1998: 74, f. 1-8 (removed f from S of L. mactans, Dm)

Latrodectus menavodi Saaristo, 2010: 276, f. 37.155 (mf)

Latrodectus mirabilis (Holmberg, 1876) | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007818

Theridium mirabile Holmberg, 1876: 11 (D) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 39, f. 69 (f, S, rejected)

Latrodectus no. 3 Abalos & Báez, 1967b: 31, f. 3.5, 5.15, 9.22 (f; here per Abalos, 1980: 31)

Latrodectus mirabilis Abalos, 1980: 31, f. 1-13, 21 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus mirabilis Ott, Lopes Rodrigues & De Leao Marques, 2014: 314, f. 2A-F, 3A-D (mf)

Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902 | | Cape Verde Is., Madagascar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007819

Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902a: 41 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus obscurior Schmidt, Geisthardt & Piepho, 1994: 92 (removed f from S of L. geometricus, contra Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón, 2023 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059239

Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón in Valdez-Mondragón & Cabrera-Espinosa, 2023: 27, f. 13-18, 25-81 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 | | Cape Verde to Libya, South Africa, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007820

Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 287 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus pallidus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 253, pl. 26, f. 1

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Charitonov, 1954: 481, f. 1-2 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062453]

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Charitonov, 1955: 244, f. 5 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 22-24, 31, 33-34 (f, S of Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii)

Latrodectus pallidus Levi, 1966a: 428, f. 5-7, 17-22 (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 47, f. 18-23 (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Ergashev, 1990: 66, f. 32 (m)

Latrodectus pallidus Lotz, 1994a: 43, f. 11a-e (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Levy, 1998b: 100, f. 183-188 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 351, f. 6a-b, pl. 54 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Kakhki, 2005: 54, f. 3A-E (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Le Peru, 2011: 456, f. 744 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Zamani et al., 2014: 60, f. 2C, 3C, 4E (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2022m: 21, f. 1-12 (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Souri et al., 2024: 101, f. 1E-F, 2G-I (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Seropian et al., 2024a: 110, f. 37-42 (mf)

Latrodectus quartus Abalos, 1980 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007821

Latrodectus no. 4 Abalos & Báez, 1967b: 69, f. 3.6, 5.16, 9.23 (f; here per Abalos, 1980: 41)

Latrodectus quartus Abalos, 1980: 41, f. 20, 22-23, 38-44 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902 | | St. Helena, Africa, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007822

Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902a: 45 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus incertus Lawrence, 1927: 30, pl. 1, f. 19, pl. 4, f. 78-79 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062443]

Latrodectus renivulvatus Lotz, 1994a: 46, f. 5, 12a-c, 13a-c (Dm, f, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 27, S of L. incertus, also removed from S of L. mactans, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Lotz, 1994b: 16, f. 5, 11a-c, 12a-c (mf)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002a: 353, f. 7-8, 39-46 (mf)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002b: 11, f. 2-3 (f)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach, 2002b: 169, f. 4b (f)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach, 2004: 184, f. 24a (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Al-Hadlak & Najim, 2015: 94, f. 1-5, pl. 1-2 (f; misidentified after Zamani & El-Hennawy, 2016: 17)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 45, p. 45: 4 f., p. 46: 5 f. (mf habitus)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Sherwood et al., 2024e: 1275, f. 69A-D (f)

Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948 | | Israel, Iran, Canary Is.? urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007823

Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948: 209, f. 1-11 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 28 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus revivensis Levi, 1966a: 428, f. 8-11, 23-27 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus revivensis Levy & Amitai, 1983: 51, f. 24-28 (mf)

Latrodectus revivensis Levy, 1998b: 97, f. 178-182 (f)

Latrodectus revivensis Berendonck & Greven, 2002: 158, f. 1-19 (mf)

Latrodectus revivensis Berendonck & Greven, 2005: 119, f. 1-15 (f)

Latrodectus revivensis Souri et al., 2024: 101, f. 2A-C, 3A-D (f)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay, 1973 | | Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007824

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay, 1973: 239, f. 1-8 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Lotz, 1994a: 23, f. 2b-d, 3a-d, 8b (mf)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Lotz, 1994b: 12, f. 2b-d, 3a-d, 8b (mf)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Wunderlich, 2008b: 201, f. 46 (m)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 47, 7 f. (mf)

Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet, 1849 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:043246

Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet, 1849: 462 (Dj) Original description

Latrodectus formidabilis Nicolet, 1849: 460, pl. 4, f. 10 (f; misidentified per Aguilera, D'Elía & Casanueva, 2009: 163)

Latrodectus thoracicus Aguilera, D'Elía & Casanueva, 2009: 163, f. 2a-f, 3a-e, 4a-f (Dm, f, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) | | Mediterranean, Ukraine, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia, China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007826 TYPE SPECIES

Aranea brevipes Martini & Goeze, 1778: 286 (D; suppressed for lack of usage, see Bonnet, 1957: 2378)

Aranea 13-guttata Rossi, 1790: 136, pl. 9, f. 10 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus 13decimguttatus Walckenaer, 1805: 81

Theridion tredecim-guttatum Latreille, 1806: 98

Theridion lugubre Dufour, 1820a: 355, pl. 69, f. 1 (Df)

Latrodectus argus Audouin, 1826: 353, pl. 3, f. 10 (Df)

Latrodectus erebus Audouin, 1826: 352, pl. 3, f. 9 (Df)

Meta hispida C. L. Koch, 1836a: 9, f. 166 (Df)

Latrodectus 5-guttatus Krynicki, 1837: 75, pl. 6, f. 1 (Df)

Latrodectus malmignatus Walckenaer, 1837: 642 (Dmf)

Latrodectus martius Walckenaer, 1837: 644 (Dm)

Latrodectus oculatus Walckenaer, 1837: 645 (Df)

Latrodectus venator Walckenaer, 1837: 646 (Df)

Latrodectus 13-guttatus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 39, f. 273 (f)

Latrodectus conglobatus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 41, f. 274 (Df)

Latrodectus hispidus C. L. Koch, 1837b: 7

Latrodectus argus Lucas, 1838: 35, pl. 6, f. 6 (Dm)

Latrodectus lugubris Motschulsky, 1849: 290, pl. 2, f. 3-4 (Df)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Simon, 1873a: 86

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus lugubris Thorell, 1875b: 69

Latrodectus 13-guttatus Thorell, 1875c: 65

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Simon, 1881a: 177, pl. 26, f. 12 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Simon, 1894a: 568, f. 491-492, 576 (m)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Dahl, 1902a: 45, f. 1-3 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 254, pl. 26, f. 3

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Berland, 1932b: 274, f. 415 (m)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Gerhardt, 1944: 16, f. 13 (m)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 24 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Vintila et al., 1963: 231, f. 1 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 57, f. 17 (f)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Fuhn, 1966: 77, f. 3-4 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Levi, 1966a: 428, f. 1-4, 12-16 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Brignoli, 1967e: 184, f. 4 (f)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Tystshenko & Ergashev, 1974: 934, f. 6-8 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 46, f. 1-17 (mf, elevated from subspecies of L. mactans)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Brignoli, 1984b: 293, f. 15-16 (f)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Ergashev, 1990: 66, f. 31.6-8 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Schmidt & Klaas, 1991: 9, f. 2 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Lotz, 1994a: 52, f. 14, 15a-d, 16a-c (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Mcheidze, 1997: 180, f. 353-355 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Zhu, 1998: 293, f. 198A-E (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Levy, 1998b: 90, f. 161-177 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 123, f. 63J-M (mf)

Latrodectus teredecimguttatus Darvish & Mirshamsi, 1999: 5, f. 4a-c, 6a-d, 7 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Kim, 1999b: 22, f. 8-12 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Melic, 2000a: 15, f. 1-2, 4B, 6A-B, 7A, 8A-B, D-E, 9A (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Kim, Cho & Lee, 2003: 82, f. 8-12 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Trotta, 2005: 175, f. 445-446 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Kakhki, 2005: 54, f. 2A-E (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Le Peru, 2011: 456, f. 745 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Zamani et al., 2014: 60, f. 2B, 3B, 4C (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Anikin & Kuzmin, 2016: 220, f. 1a-b (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Nadolny, 2019: 867, f. 1.1-15, 2.1-3 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Vanuytven, 2021: 178, f. B.169a-c (m)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus El-Hennawy, Al-Saraireh & Afifeh, 2022: 519, f. 1-11 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Souri et al., 2024: 104, f. 1G-H, 2J-L (f)

Latrodectus umbukwane B. M. O. G. Wright, C. D. Wright, Lyle & Engelbrecht, 2019 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:051514

Latrodectus umbukwane B. M. O. G. Wright, C. D. Wright, Lyle & Engelbrecht in Wright et al., 2019: 586, f. 1A-C, 3A-E, 4A-B, 5A-B, 6A-F, 7B-D (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus umbukwane Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 48, 3 f. (f habitus)

Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet, 1849 | | Chile, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007827

Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet, 1849: 461, pl. 4, f. 9 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus variegatus Abalos, 1980: 47, f. 57-64 (mf, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378, and of L. curacaviensis, rejecting Levi, 1959c: 38)

Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837 | | Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007828

Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837: 648 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 2-4, 16-18, 35-36, 52, 70-71 (mf; in part misidentified per McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13)

Latrodectus variolus McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13, f. 3, 8-13 (mf, removed from S of Latrodectus mactans, rejecting F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378)

Latrodectus variolus Kaston, 1970: 38, f. 14a-b, f (mf)

Latrodectus variolus Sherwood, 2025b: 149, f. 17T-W (f)