World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

Callilepis Westring, 1874 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02407

N.B.: Indian species probably misplaced.

Transferred to other genera:

Callilepis jaffana Strand, 1915 -- see Minosia

Callilepis linzhiensis Hu, 2001 -- see Xizangiana

In synonymy:

Callilepis altitudonis Chamberlin, 1935 = Callilepis eremella Chamberlin, 1928 (Platnick, 1975b: 23)

Callilepis bipunctata Yaginuma, 1960 = Callilepis schuszteri (Herman, 1879) (Platnick, 1975b: 19)

Callilepis femoralis Banks, 1911 = Callilepis pluto Banks, 1896 (Platnick, 1975b: 9)

Callilepis flavitarsis (Simon, 1880) = Callilepis schuszteri (Herman, 1879) (Platnick, 1975b: 19)

Callilepis gnaphosa (Walckenaer, 1805, T from Drassus) = Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (L. Koch, 1866: 37, sub Pythonissa)

Callilepis holobera (C. L. Koch, 1839, T from Pythonissa) = Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Thorell, 1871a: 199, sub Gnaphosa)

Callilepis maculata (Wider, 1834, T from Drassus) = Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Westring, 1861: 357, sub Melanophora)

Callilepis munda Chamberlin, 1935 = Callilepis imbecilla (Keyserling, 1887) (Platnick, 1975b: 13)

Callilepis ochridana (Drensky, 1929, T from Poecilochroa) = Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Deltshev, 2003: 142)

Callilepis wiehlei Bristowe, 1935 = Callilepis cretica (Roewer, 1928) (Wunderlich, 1977a: 292)

Nomen dubium:

Callilepis cabriolata Franganillo, 1926b: 69 (mf, Spain) -- Platnick, 1975b: 6

Callilepis bifurcata Wunderlich, 2023 | | Portugal urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059446

Callilepis bifurcata Wunderlich, 2023: 56, f. 122-125 (Dm) Original description

Callilepis chakanensis Tikader, 1982 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026706

Callilepis chakanensis Tikader, 1982b: 354, f. 139-144 (Df) Original description

Callilepis chisos Platnick, 1975 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026707

Callilepis chisos Platnick, 1975b: 15, f. 29-35 (Dmf) Original description

Callilepis concolor Simon, 1914 | | Portugal, Spain, France urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026708

Pythonissa nocturna Simon, 1878a: 196 (f)

Callilepis nocturna concolor Simon, 1914: 187, 222 (Df) Original description

Callilepis concolor Machado, 1941: 19, f. 15-17 (mf, elevated from subspecies)

Callilepis concolor Platnick, 1975b: 17, f. 36-38 (mf, S of Callilepis wiehlei [rejected by Wunderlich, 1977a: 292, see C. cretica])

Callilepis concolor Grimm, 1985: 91, f. 89-91 (mf)

Callilepis concolor Gaymard & Lecigne, 2018: 11, f. 7D-G (mf)

Callilepis concolor Hoyas & Ferrández, 2022: 53, f. 6 (mf)

Callilepis concolor Wunderlich, 2023: 57, f. 126-127 (m)

Callilepis cretica (Roewer, 1928) | | Kosovo, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Azerbaijan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026709

Minosia cretica Roewer, 1928b: 113, pl. 1, f. 23-24 (Dmf) Original description

Callilepis wiehlei Bristowe, 1935: 780, f. 7-12 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056507]

Crosbyellum creticum Roewer, 1955c: 359

Callilepis cretica Wunderlich, 1977a: 292, f. 8-9 (mf, T from Minosia, S of Callilepis wiehlei [removed from S of C. concolor, rejecting Platnick, 1975b: 17)

Callilepis cretica Chatzaki, Thaler & Mylonas, 2002a: 575, f. 20-23 (mf)

Callilepis cretica Seyyar, Topçu & Demir, 2006: 118, f. 1-3 (mf)

Callilepis cretica Seyyar, 2021: 426, f. 2-3, 4A-C (mf)

Callilepis cretica Naumova, Blagoev & Deltshev, 2021: 230, f. 1A-C (m)

Callilepis cretica Seyyar & Demir, 2021a: 74, f. 2B, 3E (mf)

Callilepis cristinae Hoyas & Ferrández, 2022 | | Spain urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:057037

Callilepis cristinae Hoyas & Ferrández, 2022: 52, f. 2-12 (Dmf) Original description

Callilepis eremella Chamberlin, 1928 | | Canada, USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026710

Callilepis eremellus Chamberlin in Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1928: 177 (Dm) Original description

Callilepis altitudonis Chamberlin, 1936a: 14, f. 25 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056502]

Callilepis altitudonis Levi & Levi, 1951: 226, f. 19 (Dm)

Pterotricha eremella Roewer, 1955c: 378 (T from Callilepis)

Pterotricha altitudonis Roewer, 1955c: 378 (T from Callilepis)

Callilepis altitudonis Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 1 (T from Pterotricha)

Callilepis eremella Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 1 (T from Pterotricha)

Callilepis eremella Platnick, 1975b: 23, f. 53-59 (mf, S of Callilepis altitudonis)

Callilepis eremella Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 191, f. 288-290 (mf)

Callilepis gertschi Platnick, 1975 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026711

Callilepis gertschi Platnick, 1975b: 27, f. 60-66 (Dmf) Original description

Callilepis gertschi Gómez-Rodríguez & Salazar, 2012: 3, f. I.3A-C (mf)

Callilepis gosoga Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026712

Callilepis gosoga Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940: 10, f. 13-14 (Dm) Original description

Pterotricha gosoga Roewer, 1955c: 378 (T from Callilepis)

Callilepis gosoga Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 1 (T from Pterotricha)

Callilepis gosoga Platnick, 1975b: 30, f. 67-73 (m, Df)

Callilepis gosoga Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 607, f. 4a, 20b, 21a (m)

Callilepis imbecilla (Keyserling, 1887) | | Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026713

Pythonissa imbecilla Keyserling, 1887b: 427, pl. 6, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Pythonissa imbecilla Emerton, 1890: 177, pl. 4, f. 6 (Dm)

Pythonissa imbecilla Emerton, 1902: 3, f. 6-8 (f)

Callilepis imbecilla Comstock, 1912: 322, f. 313

Callilepis munda Chamberlin, 1936a: 16, f. 22-24 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056506]

Callilepis imbecilla Kaston, 1948: 343, f. 1150-1151, 1158-1159 (mf)

Pterotricha imbecilla Roewer, 1955c: 378 (T from Callilepis)

Pterotricha munda Roewer, 1955c: 378 (T from Callilepis)

Callilepis imbecilla Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 1 (T from Pterotricha)

Callilepis munda Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 1 (T from Pterotricha)

Callilepis imbecilla Platnick, 1975b: 13, f. 22-28 (mf, S of Callilepis munda)

Callilepis imbecilla Heiss & Allen, 1986: 12, f. 21-22 (mf)

Callilepis imbecilla Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 195, f. 294-296 (mf)

Callilepis ketani Gajbe, 1984 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026714

Callilepis ketani Gajbe, 1984: 129, f. 7-12 (Df) Original description

Callilepis lambai Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026715

Callilepis lambai Tikader & Gajbe, 1977b: 50, f. 5A-E (Df) Original description

Callilepis lambai Tikader, 1982b: 352, f. 133-138 (f)

Callilepis lambai Gajbe, 2007: 459, f. 84-89 (f)

Callilepis mumai Platnick, 1975 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026716

Callilepis mumai Platnick, 1975b: 21, f. 46-52 (Dmf) Original description

Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) | | Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, China, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026717 TYPE SPECIES

Aranea nocturna Linnaeus, 1758: 621 (D) Original description

Aranea nocturna Olivier, 1789: 231 (D)

Drassus gnaphosus Walckenaer, 1805: 46 (D) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:066158]

Drassus nocturnus Sundevall, 1831: 29, 1832: 136 (D, var. b)

Filistata maculata Wider, 1834: 200, pl. 14, f. 4 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:066159]

Drassus gnaphosus Walckenaer, 1837: 616 (Dmf)

Pythonissa maculata C. L. Koch, 1839a: 61, f. 474-475 (mf)

Pythonissa holobera C. L. Koch, 1839b: 16 (D) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:066160]

Drassus maculatus Westring, 1851: 47

Pythonissa nocturna Thorell, 1856: 87

Melanophora nocturna Westring, 1861: 357 (Df, S of S of Drassus maculatus)

Pythonissa nocturna L. Koch, 1866: 37, pl. 2, f. 27-30 (Dmf, S of Drassus gnaphosus)

Gnaphosa nocturna Thorell, 1871a: 199 (S of Pythonissa holobera)

Gnaphosa maculata Menge, 1872: 317, pl. 56, f. 182 (mf)

Callilepis maculata Westring, 1874: 43

Callilepis nocturna Simon, 1893a: 384, f. 339

Callilepis nocturna Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 191, pl. 7, f. 32 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Bösenberg, 1902: 317, pl. 30, f. 469 (mf)

Poecilochroa ochridana Drensky, 1929: 9, 62, pl. 1, f. 5-7 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027750]

Callilepis nocturna Reimoser, 1937a: 3, f. 4-5 (mf)

Calliplepis nocturna Nakatsudi, 1942b: 17, f. 6C-E (m, lapsus)

Callilepis nocturna Palmgren, 1943: 80, f. 84 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Tullgren, 1946: 91, f. 28, pl. 15, f. 185-186 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Miller, 1947: 61, pl. IV, f. 2 (f)

Callilepis nocturna Machado, 1949: 17, f. 12 (f)

Callilepis nocturna Wiehle, 1967a: 14, f. 55a, 56a, 58a, 59a (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Miller, 1971: 76, pl. V, f. 13-14 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Murphy, 1971: 269, f. 1-4 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Locket, Millidge & Merrett, 1974: 10, f. 5A-C (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Platnick, 1975b: 7, f. 8-14 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Utochkin & Pakhorukov, 1976: 81, f. 8 (f)

Callilepis nocturna Locket, 1976: 159, f. 1-4 (m)

Callilepis nocturna Grimm, 1985: 93, f. 92-95 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Roberts, 1985: 76, f. 28d (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Kamura, 1987a: 2, f. 1-4 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Izmailova, 1989: 98, f. 76 (f)

Callilepis nocturna Chikuni, 1989b: 118, f. 2 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 416, f. 1097 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Noordam, 1992: 1, 2, 13 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Roberts, 1995: 119, f. (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Ovtsharenko & Marusik, 1996: 119, pl. 1, f. 1-3 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Tang et al., 1997c: 58, f. 1.1-4 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Roberts, 1998: 125, f. (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 446, f. 259B, I (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Deltshev, 2003: 142, f. 19-22 (m, S of Poecilochroa ochridana)

Callilepis nocturna Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 33, f. 16A-H (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Almquist, 2007: 385, f. 332a-i (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Murphy, 2007: 44, f. 250-251 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Kamura, 2009: 490, f. 96=98 (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 604, f. 10a, 19a, 22a, S6b, S7b, S8a (f)

Callilepis nocturna Seyyar & Demir, 2021a: 74, f. 2A, 3D (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Zhang, Peng & Zhang, 2022: 213, f. 155A-G (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Vertyankin & Zaitsev, 2022: 96, f. 12, 13a-c, 14, 15a-b (mf)

Callilepis nocturna Seropian et al., 2023: 240, f. 16-17 (f)

Callilepis pawani Gajbe, 1984 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026718

Callilepis pawani Gajbe, 1984: 127, f. 1-6 (Df) Original description

Callilepis pluto Banks, 1896 | | Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026719

Callilepis pluto Banks, 1896e: 60 (Dm) Original description

Callilepis femoralis Banks, 1911: 441, pl. 35, f. 11 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056504]

Pterotricha femoralis Roewer, 1955c: 378 (T from Callilepis)

Callilepis femoralis Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 1 (T from Pterotricha)

Callilepis pluto Platnick, 1975b: 8, f. 1-6, 15-21 (mf, removed from S of Callilepis imbecilla, S of Callilepis femoralis)

Callilepis pluto Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 193, f. 18-19, 291-293 (mf)

Callilepis pluto Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 74, f. 627-629 (mf)

Callilepis pluto Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2013a: 17, f. 3a-c (m)

Callilepis rajani Gajbe, 1984 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026720

Callilepis rajani Gajbe, 1984: 131, f. 13-18 (Df) Original description

Callilepis rajasthanica Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026721

Callilepis rajasthanicus Tikader & Gajbe, 1977b: 47, f. 3A-E (Df) Original description

Callilepis rajasthanicus Tikader, 1982b: 350, f. 127-132 (f)

Callilepis rajasthanica Brignoli, 1983c: 566

Callilepis rukminiae Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026722

Callilepis rukminiae Tikader & Gajbe, 1977b: 49, f. 4A-F (Dmf) Original description

Callilepis rukminiae Tikader, 1982b: 348, f. 120-126 (mf)

Callilepis rukminiae Gajbe, 2007: 460, f. 90-96 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri (Herman, 1879) | | Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), China, Korea, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026723

Gnaphosa schuszteri Herman, 1879: 199, 365, pl. 8, f. 172 (Dmf) Original description

Pythonissa flavitarsis Simon, 1880b: 120, pl. 3, f. 25 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056505]

Callilepis schuszteri Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 191, pl. 7, f. 31 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Miller, 1947: 61, pl. IV, f. 1 (f)

Callilepis schuszteri Machado, 1949: 18, f. 13 (f)

Callilepis bipunctata Yaginuma, 1960: append. 7, pl. 56, f. 333, f. 100.7, 101O (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056503]

Callilepis schuszteri Wiehle, 1967a: 14, f. 55b, 56b, 57a-b, 58b, 59b (mf)

Callilepis bipunctata Yaginuma, 1971: 122, f. 100.7-8 (f)

Callilepis schuszteri Miller, 1971: 76, pl. V, f. 15 (m)

Callilepis schuszteri Platnick, 1975b: 19, f. 39-45 (mf, S of Callilepis bipunctata and C. flavitarsis)

Callilepis schuszteri Paik, 1978e: 412, f. 185.1-4 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Song & Hubert, 1983: 16, f. 41-45 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Grimm, 1985: 96, f. 18d, 96-104 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Kamura, 1986: 16, f. 19-26 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Yaginuma, 1986a: 188, f. 104.2 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Song, 1987: 334, f. 288 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Chikuni, 1989b: 118, f. 1 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 416, f. 1098 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 448, f. 258C, J (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 334, f. 214A-E (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Namkung, 2002: 460, f. 37.1a-b (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Kim & Cho, 2002: 75, f. 43-48 (f)

Callilepis schuszteri Namkung, 2003: 463, f. 37.1a-b (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 35, f. 17A-E (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Jung et al., 2005: 166, f. 1, 50, 100 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Kamura, 2009: 490, f. 92-95 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Kim & Lee, 2013: 84, f. 55A-C (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Gaymard & Lecigne, 2018: 12, f. 8A-B (f)

Callilepis schuszteri Seyyar & Demir, 2021a: 74, f. 2C, 3F (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Serita, 2021e: 283, f. 2r (f)

Callilepis schuszteri Zhang, Peng & Zhang, 2022: 156, f. 156A-C (f)

Callilepis schuszteri Ponomarev & Shmatko, 2022b: 288, f. 5-7 (mf)

Callilepis schuszteri Méndez, Marquerie & Domènech, 2024: 82, f. 2A-C (f)