World Spider Catalog

Araneidae Clerck, 1757

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: family name and authorship as per ICZN, 2009 Opinion 2224, after application by Kluge, 2007; Arkyinae L. Koch, 1872 (genera Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 and Demadiana Strand, 1929) elevated to Arkyidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; monophyly of Araneidae stated by Kallal et al., 2018: 138; Nephilinae Simon, 1894 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0111] elevated to family and relimited by Kuntner, 2006: 24, re-synonymized with Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae Simon, 1894 (Simon, 1894a: 746 as Phonognatheae), the valid name for Zygiellinae Simon, 1929 sensu Wunderlich, 2004f, elevated to family by Kuntner et al., 2019: 563, not accepted by Scharff et al., 2020 and Kallal et al., 2020, and confirmed as family by Kuntner et al., 2023: 969-970 along with the separation of Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson & Bond, 2023; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae downgraded to subfamily and Paraplectanoididae considered a synonym of Araneidae by Hormiga et al., 2023: 803; family status of Paraplectanoididae, Nephilidae and Phonognathidae revalidated by Kuntner et al., 2025: 17, 23, but not accepted here for reasons of stability; Oarcinae (Gnolus and Oarces) transferred from the Mimetidae to the Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2012: Suppl. 1, p. 15, re-transfer to the Mimetidae by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 340 not accepted here (by majority vote of the WSC boards); Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 241 and Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 consider Zygiellidae as the valid name instead of Phonognathidae and accept the family status of Nephilidae; the status of the Nephilinae and Phonognathinae (= Zygiellidae) as subfamilies is accepted by majority vote of the WSC boards; Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 list ten subfamilies and tribes as valid (besides Nephilidae and Zygiellidae): Araneinae, Argiopinae Simon, 1890a: 81 (sub Argiopidae), Cyrtarachninae Simon, 1895a: 876 (sub Cyrtarachneae), Сyrtophorinae Simon, 1895a: 876 (sub Cyrtophoreae), Gasteracanthinae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871e: 217 (sub Gasteracanthides), Micratheninae Simon, 1895a: 848 (sub Micratheneae), Guizygiellinae Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 42, Caerostrini Simon, 1895a: 831 (sub Cerostreae), Hypognathini Simon, 1895a: 871 (sub Hypognatheae) and Poltyini Simon, 1895a: 888 (sub Poltyeae).

In synonymy:

Chondronephila Dahl, 1911 = Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 (Dahl, 1911: 275, as subgenus of Nephila)

Cyphonephila Dahl, 1911 = Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 (Dahl, 1911: 275, as subgenus of Nephila)

Dasynephila Dahl, 1912 = Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 (Dahl, 1912a: 63, as subgenus of Nephila)

Heterargiope Kishida, 1936 = Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 (Jäger, 2012c: 315, sub Nephila, by T of the type species from Argiope, after Levi, 1983: 262)

Lionephila Dahl, 1911 = Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 (Dahl, 1911: 276, as subgenus of Nephila)

Zeugonephila Dahl, 1911 = Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 (Dahl, 1911: 276, as subgenus of Nephila)

Gen. Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:04537

type Aranea clavipes Linnaeus, 1767; gender feminine

N.B.: described as a subgenus of Nephila Leach, 1815, elevated to genus by Kuntner et al., 2019: 557; for the current familial placement see the note at the family; Chondronephila Dahl, 1911: 275 (see also Dahl, 1912a: 61) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06280] (type Nephila turneri Blackwall, 1833), Cyphonephila Dahl, 1911: 275 (see also Dahl, 1912a: 59) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06281] (type Aranea plumipes Latreille, 1804), Zeugonephila Dahl, 1911: 276 (see also Dahl, 1912a: 56) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06282] (type Epeira inaurata Walckenaer, 1841), Lionephila Dahl, 1911: 276 (see also Dahl, 1912a: 68) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06283] (type Nephila sumptuosa Gerstaecker, 1873) and Dasynephila Dahl, 1912a: 63, [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06284] (type Nephila fenestrata Thorell, 1859) were described as subgenera of Nephila and transferred to Trichonephila by Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (by transfer of their type species); considered a senior synonym of Heterargiope Kishida, 1936a: 19 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05234] (type Argiope maja Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878)) by Jäger, 2012c: 315 (sub Nephila, by transfer of the type species).

In synonymy:

Trichonephila adelaidensis (Hogg, 1910) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 440, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila aerea (Hogg, 1896, T from Meta) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 440, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila ambigua (Kulczyński, 1911) = Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila armillipes (Doumerc, 1864, T from Epeira) = Trichonephila senegalensis (Walckenaer, 1841) (Simon, 1886g: 371, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila aubryi (Lucas, 1858) = Trichonephila senegalensis (Walckenaer, 1841) (Simon, 1886g: 371, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila celebesiana (Strand, 1915) = Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila chacoensis (Badcock, 1932) = Trichonephila sexpunctata (Giebel, 1867) (Levi & Eickstedt, 1989: 46, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila clavata cavaleriei (Schenkel, 1963) = Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878) (Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 75, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila clavatoides (Schenkel, 1953) = Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878) (Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 75, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila dolabella (Thorell, 1899) = Trichonephila turneri (Blackwall, 1833) (Benoit, 1962a: 227, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila dubia (Badcock, 1932) = Trichonephila sexpunctata (Giebel, 1867) (Levi & Eickstedt, 1989: 46, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila eremiana (Hogg, 1896) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Dahl, 1912a: 35, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila fontanae (Holmberg, 1876) = Trichonephila sexpunctata (Giebel, 1867) (Mello-Leitão, 1944b: 321, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila grayi (Blackwall, 1865) = Trichonephila senegalensis (Walckenaer, 1841) (Brito Capello, 1866: 75, sub Nephila aubryi)

Trichonephila hymenaea (Gerstaecker, 1873) = Trichonephila senegalensis keyserlingi (Blackwall, 1865) (Dahl, 1912a: 43, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila imperatrix (L. Koch, 1872) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Dahl, 1912a: 35, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila inaurata seychellensis (Canard, 1975) = Trichonephila inaurata madagascariensis (Vinson, 1863) (Benoit, 1978f: 673, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila janeira (Walckenaer, 1841, T from Araneus) = Trichonephila clavipes vespucea (Walckenaer, 1841) (Dahl, 1912a: 46, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila laurinae (Thorell, 1881) = Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila laurinae novaemecklenburgiae (Strand, 1911) = Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila limbata (Thorell, 1898) = Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878) (Dahl, 1912a: 35, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila maja (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, T from Argiope) = Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878) (Jäger, 2012c: 315, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila meridionalis (Hogg, 1910) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 440, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila meridionalis hermitis (Hogg, 1914) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 440, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila nigritarsis insulicola (Pocock, 1900) = Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila obnubila (Simon, 1906) = Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878) (Dahl, 1912a: 35, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila picta (Rainbow, 1896) = Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 440, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila piepersi (Thorell, 1877) = Trichonephila vitiana (Walckenaer, 1847) (Dahl, 1912a: 36, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila riverai (Brèthes, 1918) = Trichonephila sexpunctata (Giebel, 1867) (Mello-Leitão, 1933b: 43, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila sarasinorum (Merian, 1911) = Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila senegalensis calabarensis (Strand, 1908) = Trichonephila senegalensis (Walckenaer, 1841) (Dahl, 1912a: 43, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila senegalensis boehmi (Dahl, 1912) = Trichonephila senegalensis bragantina (Brito Capello, 1867) (Benoit, 1962b: 227, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila thomensis (Benoit, 1963) = Trichonephila clavipes (Linnaeus, 1767) (Levi, 1980a: 18, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila wallacei (Thorell, 1877) = Trichonephila vitiana (Walckenaer, 1847) (Dahl, 1912a: 36, sub Nephila)

Trichonephila antipodiana (Walckenaer, 1841) | | China, Myanmar and Philippines to New Guinea, Solomon Is., Australia (Queensland) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013938

Epeira antipodiana Walckenaer, 1841: 93 (Df) Original description

Epeira imperialis Doleschall, 1857: 413 (Df; preoccupied by Walckenaer, 1805, see Caerostris sexcuspidata)

Epeira imperialis Doleschall, 1859: 28, pl. 12, f. 2 (j)

Nephila ornata Blackwall, 1864b: 43 (Dj; preoccupied by Adams, 1847, see Nephila pilipes)

Nephila baeri Simon, 1877b: 82 (Df)

Nephila imperialis Thorell, 1878b: 118

Nephila holmerae Thorell, 1881: 141 (Df)

Nephila laurinae Thorell, 1881: 142 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013956]

Nephila nigritarsis insulicola Pocock, 1900b: 160 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058960]

Nephila sarasinorum Merian, 1911: 198, pl. 9, f. 10-11 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013973]

Nephila imperialis novae-mecklenburgiae Strand, 1911b: 204 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013957]

Nephila ambigua Kulczyński, 1911c: 464, pl. 20, f. 41-42 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013937]

Nephila antipodiana Dahl, 1912a: 35, 59, 61 (S of Nephila baeri, N. holmerae and N. ornata Blackwall)

Nephila imperialis Dahl, 1912a: 36, 59 (Dm)

Nephila celebesiana Strand, 1915d: 206, pl. 13, f. 12-13, pl. 16, f. 50 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013939]

Nephila imperialis Liao, Chen & Song, 1984: 69, f. 1A-C (mf; misidentified per Yuan & Zhang, 2020: 120)

Nephila imperialis Song, 1987: 173, f. 133 (mf; misidentified per Yuan & Zhang, 2020: 120)

Nephila antipodiana Yin et al., 1990: 2, f. 1-5 (mf)

Nephila antipodiana Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 563, f. 348a-h (f)

Nephila antipodiana Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 217, f. 124I, L, S, 125A (mf)

Nephila imperialis Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 217, f. 124O-P, 125D (mf; misidentified per Yuan & Zhang, 2020: 120)

Nephila laurinae Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 78, f. 33A-I (mf; misidentified per Yuan & Zhang, 2020: 120)

Nephila antipodiana Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, f. 3, 6, 60-72 (mf, S of Nephila ambigua, N. celebesiana, N. imperialis, N. laurinae, N. laurinae novaemecklenburgiae, N. nigritarsis insulicola and N. sarasinorum)

Nephila antipodiana Kim, Park & Lee, 2007: 123, f. 1a-d (f)

Trichonephila antipodiana Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila antipodiana Cheng et al., 2024: 638, f. 1A-D (m)

Trichonephila antipodiana Kuntner et al., 2025: 12, f. 9A, S5A-F (m)

Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878) | | India to Japan, Russia (Far East). Introduced to Azerbaĳan, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013940

Nephila clavata L. Koch, 1878c: 741, pl. 15, f. 4 (Df) Original description

Nephila limbata Thorell, 1898: 335 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:064941]

Nephila clavata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 190, pl. 3, f. 11, pl. 11, f. 217 (f, Dm)

Argiope maja Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 201, f. 1 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:015386]

Nephila obnubila Simon, 1906c: 308 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:064942]

Nephila clavata Dahl, 1912a: 35, 73 (S of Nephila limbata and N. obnubila)

Nephila clavatoides Schenkel, 1953b: 27, f. 14a-b (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013942]

Nephila clavata cavaleriei Schenkel, 1963: 134, f. 78 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013941]

Nephila clavata Hikichi, 1977: 154, f. 42 (f)

Nephila clavata Tikader, 1982a: 102, f. 195-197 (f)

Nephila clavata cavalierei Brignoli, 1983c: 241 (lapsus)

Nephila clavata Hu, 1984: 119, f. 119.1-3 (mf)

Nephila clavata Zhu & Shi, 1985: 84, f. 72a-c (f)

Nephila clavata Chikuni, 1989b: 80, f. 51 (mf)

Nephila clavata Feng, 1990: 96, f. 71.1-3 (mf)

Nephila clavata Chen & Gao, 1990: 69, f. 88a-b (mf)

Nephila clavata Chen & Zhang, 1991: 110, f. 104.1-3 (mf)

Nephila clavata Kim, Kim & Lee, 1999: 58, f. 12, 37, 59 (mf)

Nephila clavata Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 217, f. 124M-N, 125B-C (mf)

Nephila clavata Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 167, f. 97A-B (mf)

Nephila clavata Namkung, 2002: 232, f. 18.19a-b (mf)

Nephila clavata Kim & Cho, 2002: 318, f. 871-876 (mf)

Nephila clavata Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 75, f. 32A-K, pl. 4E-H (mf, S of Nephila clavatoides and N. clavata cavaleriei)

Nephila clavata Namkung, 2003: 234, f. 18.19a-b (mf)

Nephila clavata Tanikawa, 2007c: 94, f. 301-309, 764-765 (mf)

Nephila clavata Kim, Ki & Park, 2008: 183, f. 6A-D (mf)

Nephila clavata Tanikawa, 2009: 403, f. 1-2 (mf)

Nephila clavata Zhu & Zhang, 2011: 193, f. 136A-K (mf)

Nephila clavata Yin et al., 2012: 475, f. 217a-f (mf)

Nephila clavata Jäger, 2012c: 315 (S of Argiope maja)

Nephila clavata Kim & Lee, 2013: 70, f. 45A-D, pl. 20-21 (mf)

Nephila clavata Baba & Tanikawa, 2015: 40, 6 f. (mf)

Nephila clavata Zhang & Wang, 2017: 476, 4 f. (mf)

Nephila clavata Zhang, 2018b: 53, f. 7-1.A-D, pl. 12 (mf)

Trichonephila clavata Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Nephila clavata Zhan et al., 2019: 7, f. 2K (f)

Trichonephila clavata Fomichev & Omelko, 2024a: 13, f. 1-5 (f)

Trichonephila clavata Zamani et al., 2025c: 135, f. 4A-E (f)

Trichonephila clavata caerulescens (Ono, 2011) | | Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:043865

Nephila clavata caerulescens Ono, 2011a: 20, f. 17-23, 32-35 (Dmf) Original description

Trichonephila clavata caerulescens Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila clavipes (Linnaeus, 1767) | | USA to Argentina. Introduced to São Tomé and Príncipe urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013943 TYPE SPECIES

Aranea clavipes Linnaeus, 1767: 1034 (Df) Original description

Aranea spinimobilis Linnaeus, 1767: 1034 (D)

Aranea clavipes Fabricius, 1775: 437

Aranea clavipes Olivier, 1789: 201

Epeira clavipes Hahn, 1821: 2, pl. 4, f. a-c (mf)

Epeira clavipes Hahn, 1833a: 118, f. 89 (mf)

Nephila plumipes C. L. Koch, 1839a: 138, f. 529 (f, misidentified)

Epeira plumipes Walckenaer, 1841: 99

Nephila clavipes Taczanowski, 1873: 146

Nephila wilderi McCook, 1894: 251, pl. 7, f. 1-2, pl. 23, f. 6-7 (Dmf)

Nephila wistariana McCook, 1894: 252, 255, pl. 23, f. 2-3, pl. 24, f. 1 (Dmf)

Nephila concolor McCook, 1894: 256, pl. 23, f. 1 (Df)

Nephila clavipes F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901b: 325, pl. 7, f. 1-4 (mf)

Nephila clavipes F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904: 448, pl. 42, f. 23-24 (f)

Nephila clavipes Dahl, 1912a: 46, 73, 75

Nephila clavipes Petrunkevitch, 1930a: 247, f. 101-102 (mf)

Nephila clavipes Franganillo, 1931b: 220, f. 12-14 (m)

Nephila clavipes Franganillo, 1936c: 96, f. 48-49 (m)

Nephila clavipes Mello-Leitão, 1946b: 40 (S of Nephila chacoensis and N. dubia; rejected by Levi & Eickstedt, 1989: 46, see Trichonephila sexpunctata)

Nephila clavipes Archer, 1958: 2 (restricts nominate subspecies to Cuba and Hispaniola)

Nephila thomensis Benoit, 1963a: 371, f. 1-3 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060759]

Nephila clavipes Wiehle, 1967b: 195, f. 49 (f)

Nephila madagascariensis Wiehle, 1967b: 195, f. 47 (m; misidentified per Schult, Preik & Kirschner, 2021: 173)

Nephila clavipes Levi, 1980a: 17, f. 23-43 (mf, S of Nephila thomensis; Levi, 1980a: 22, apparently considered all described subspecies of this species, and the other described Neotropical taxa, as identical, but did not formally synonymize them)

Nephila clavipes Heimer, 1982: 44, f. 13 (m)

Nephila clavipes Schult & Sellenschlo, 1983: 222, f. 1-3, 7-10 (mf)

Nephila clavipes Schult, 1983b: 156, f. 1-3 (m)

Nephila clavipes Roth, 1985: B6-6, f. 18, 67 (m)

Nephila clavipes Wunderlich, 1986: 79, f. 160-162 (m; erroneously claims this as the only Neotropical species listed in Roewer, but shows that more than one species is probably involved)

Nephila clavipes Levi & Eickstedt, 1989: 45, f. 1-4 (mf)

Nephila clavipes Higgins, 1989: 748, f. 1-4 (mf)

Nephila clavipes Coddington, 1990: 17, f. 52 (m)

Nephila clavipes Nentwig, 1993: 122, f. 138a-b (m)

Nephila clavipes Hormiga, Eberhard & Coddington, 1995: 323, f. 5G-I, 10A-C (m)

Nephila clavipes Schult, 2004: 113, pl. 3A-F (m)

Nephila clavipes Ramos et al., 2005: 1993, f. 3B-C (mf)

Trichonephila clavipes Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Nephila clavipes Schult, Preik & Kirschner, 2021: 173, f. 1a-c (m)

Trichonephila clavipes Cubas-Rodríguez & Brescovit, 2024b: 194, f. 1A-B, 2A-B, 3A-C (mf)

Trichonephila clavipes fasciculata (De Geer, 1778) | | USA to Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013944

Aranea fasciculata De Geer, 1778: 316, pl. 39, f. 1-4 (Df) Original description

Nephila fasciculata C. L. Koch, 1838b: 30, f. 354 (f)

Nephila fasciculata C. L. Koch, 1838b: 31, f. 355 (f)

Nephila fasciculata McCook, 1894: 255, pl. 24, f. 1 (f)

Nephila clavipes fasciculata Archer, 1958: 3, f. 1-2 (mf, removed from S of Nephila clavipes cornuta, rejecting Dahl, 1912a: 46)

Trichonephila clavipes fasciculata Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila clavipes vespucea (Walckenaer, 1841) | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013945

Epeira vespucea Walckenaer, 1841: 98 (Df) Original description

Epeira janeira Walckenaer, 1841: 100 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059018]

Araneus janeirus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 298

Nephila clavipes vespuca Dahl, 1912a: 46, 74 (lapsus, Dm, S of Araneus janeirus)

Trichonephila clavipes vespucea Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila edulis (Labillardière, 1799) | | Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013949

Aranea edulis Labillardière, 1799: 240, pl. 12, f. 4-6 (Df) Original description

Epeira edulis Walckenaer, 1841: 93

Nephila imperatrix L. Koch, 1872a: 159, pl. 13, f. 3 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058958]

Nephila edulis Thorell, 1875e: 131

Nephila eremiana Hogg, 1896: 318, pl. 24, f. 3 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058959]

Meta aerea Hogg, 1896: 320, pl. 24, f. 4-5 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013866]

Nephila picta Rainbow, 1896a: 321, pl. 19, f. 1 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058957]

Nephila meridionalis Hogg, 1910b: 59, pl. 18, f. 1 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013958]

Nephila adelaidensis Hogg, 1910b: 61, pl. 18, f. 2 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013936]

Nephila edulis Dahl, 1912a: 35, 70 (S of Nephila eremiana and N. imperatrix)

Nephila meridionalis hermitis Hogg, 1914b: 72, pl. 4, f. 2 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013959]

Nephila edulis Berland, 1931b: 670, f. 16-19 (f, Dm)

Nephila edulis Berland, 1932b: 278, f. 425 (m)

Nephila edulis Uhl & Vollrath, 1998: 39, f. 1-4 (mf)

Nephila edulis Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 439, f. 7, 12-18, 74-86 (mf, S of Nephila adelaidensis, N. meridionalis, N. meridionalis hermitis, N. picta [removed from S of N. plumipes, contra Dahl, 1912a: 35] and Meta aerea)

Nephila edulis Paquin, Vink & Dupérré, 2010: 51, f. 27.1-4 (mf)

Trichonephila edulis Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila fenestrata (Thorell, 1859) | | South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013950

Nephila fenestrata Thorell, 1859: 299 (Df) Original description

Nephila pilipes fenestrata Strand, 1907n: 608

Nephila (Dasynephila) fenestrata Dahl, 1912a: 42, 65, 67

Nephila pilipes fenestrata Benoit, 1962b: 225, 231 (subspecies range)

Nephila pilipes Schult & Sellenschlo, 1983: 222, f. 4-5, 11-12 (mf; misidentified per Schult, Preik & Kirschner, 2021: 173)

Nephila fenestrata Fromhage & Schneider, 2006: 354, f. 1-2 (mf)

Nephila fenestrata Kuntner, Coddington & Schneider, 2009: 1452, f. 1C, 4A-C (mf)

Nephila fenestrata Uhl, Nessler & Schneider, 2010: 77, f. 1D (f)

Trichonephila fenestrata Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Nephila pilipes fenestrata Schult, Preik & Kirschner, 2021: 173, f. 2a-c (mf)

Trichonephila fenestrata Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2022f: 54, p. 54: 3 f., p. 55: 4 f. (mf habitus)

Trichonephila fenestrata fuelleborni (Dahl, 1912) | | East Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013951

Nephila fenestrata fuelleborni Dahl, 1912a: 67 (Df) Original description

Nephila pilipes fuelleborni Benoit, 1963b: 29 (removed from S of N. f. venusta)

Trichonephila fenestrata fuelleborni Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila fenestrata venusta (Blackwall, 1865) | | West, Central Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013952

Epeira pilipes Lucas, 1858: 416 (40), pl. 13, f. 7 (f; misidentified per Dahl, 1912a: 42)

Nephila venusta Blackwall, 1865b: 345 (Df) Original description

Nephila dasycnemis Gerstaecker, 1873: 498 (Df)

Nephila obsoleta Gerstaecker, 1873: 498 (Df)

Nephila fenestrata venusta Dahl, 1912a: 42, 66, 79 (m, S of Nephila dolabella, rejected by Benoit, 1962b: 227, see Trichonephila turneri)

Nephila venusta Lessert, 1936: 242, f. 38 (m)

Nephila pilipes pilipes Benoit, 1962b: 225, 231 (subspecies range)

Trichonephila fenestrata venusta Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila inaurata (Walckenaer, 1841) | | Mauritius, Réunion urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013953

Epeira inaurata Walckenaer, 1841: 94 (Df) Original description

Epeira geniculata Walckenaer, 1841: 96 (Df)

Epeira inaurata Vinson, 1863: 183, 310, pl. 5, f. 1 (f)

Epeira nigra Vinson, 1863: 187, 311, pl. 6, f. 1-2 (Dmf)

Nephila ardentipes Butler, 1876b: 443 (Df)

Nephila ardentipes Butler, 1878a: 503, pl. 52, f. 1 (f)

Nephila nigra Strand, 1906h: 51

Araneus geniculatus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 293

Nephila (Zeugonephila) inaurata Dahl, 1912a: 57

Nephila nigra Gerhardt, 1921: 207, f. 17 (m)

Nephila inaurata Derouet & Dresco, 1956: 9, f. 1-4 (m)

Nephila ardentipes Kuntner, Coddington & Hormiga, 2008: 166, f. 7I-L (f)

Trichonephila inaurata Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Nephila inaurata von Wirth & Hildebrandt, 2022: 40, f. 10-11 (m)

Nephila inaurata von Wirth & Hildebrandt, 2023: 48, f. 10-11 (m)

Trichonephila inaurata madagascariensis (Vinson, 1863) | | South Africa, Eswatini, Mayotte, Madagascar, Seychelles urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013954

Epeira madagascariensis Vinson, 1863: 191, 311, pl. 7, f. 1 (Df) Original description

Nephila cothurnata Gerstaecker, 1873: 499 (Df)

Nephila argyrotoxa Gerstaecker, 1873: 502 (Df)

Nephila madagascariensis Thorell, 1875e: 134

Nephila madagascariensis Karsch, 1879e: 841, pl. 11, f. 7-9 (Dm)

Nephila inaurata madagascariensis Dahl, 1912a: 57, 72

Nephila madagascariensis Bonnet, 1929b: 513, pl. 2, f. 1-10 (mf)

Nephila madagascariensis Wiehle, 1960c: 462, f. 7 (f)

Nephila madagascariensis Benoit, 1962a: 231

Nephila madagascariensis Wiehle, 1967b: 195, f. 50 (f; m: f. 47 see Trichonephila clavipes)

Nephila madagascariensis Wiehle, 1967c: 199, f. 13 (f)

Nephila inaurata seychellensis Canard, 1975: 778 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060757]

Nephila madagascariensis Saaristo, 1978: 119, f. 203-210 (mf)

Nephila inaurata madagascariensis Benoit, 1978f: 673 (reduced to subspecies, S of Nephila inaurata seychellensis)

Nephila inaurata madagascariensis Schult & Sellenschlo, 1983: 222, f. 6, 13-14 (mf)

Nephila inaurata madagascariensis Schmidt & Jocqué, 1986: 209, f. 4-5 (f)

Nephila madagascariensis Saaristo, 2010: 94, f. 18.1-6 (mf)

Trichonephila inaurata madagascariensis Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila inaurata madagascariensis Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2022f: 56, p. 53: 2 f., p. 56: 3 f. (f habitus)

Trichonephila komaci (Kuntner & Coddington, 2009) | | Tanzania (Zanzibar), South Africa, Madagascar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:042729

Nephila komaci Kuntner & Coddington, 2009: e7516, f. 2A-F (Dmf) Original description

Trichonephila komaci Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila komaci Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2022f: 57, p. 53: 1 f., p. 57: 3 f. (f)

Trichonephila plumipes (Latreille, 1804) | | Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Is., New Ireland urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013971

Aranea plumipes Latreille, 1804a: 275 (Df) Original description

Nephila cunninghamii MacLeay, 1827: 468 (D)

Nephila venosa L. Koch, 1867b: 183 (Df)

Nephila victorialis L. Koch, 1872a: 150, pl. 12, f. 3 (Df)

Nephila nigritarsis L. Koch, 1872a: 152, pl. 12, f. 4 (Df)

Nephila flagellans L. Koch, 1872a: 153, pl. 12, f. 5-6 (Dmf; belongs in part to Nephila tetragnathoides, per Dahl, 1912a: 35)

Nephila venosa L. Koch, 1872a: 148, pl. 12, f. 1 (j)

Nephila labillardierii Thorell, 1875e: 130, pl. 25, f. 1-2 (Df)

Nephila plumipes Blackwall, 1877: 19, pl. 2, f. 13 (Dm)

Nephila insularis Keyserling, 1887a: 215, pl. 19, f. 5 (Df)

Nephila fletcheri Rainbow, 1895: 347, pl. 22, f. 1 (Df)

Nephila edwardsii Rainbow, 1895: 349, pl. 22, f. 2 (Df)

Nephila ventricosa Rainbow, 1895: 351, pl. 23, f. 1-2 (Dmf)

Nephila ornata Rainbow, 1896a: 320, pl. 18, f. 1 (Df; preoccupied by Adams, 1847, see Nephila pilipes))

Nephila (Cyphonephila) plumipes Dahl, 1912a: 35, 60 (S of Nephila cunninghamii, N. edwardsii, N. flagellans, N. fletcheri, N. insularis, N. insulicola [rejected by Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 436, see Trichonephila antipodiana], N. labillardierii, N. nigritarsis, N. ornata Rainbow, N. picta [rejected by Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 439, see Trichonephila edulis], N. venosa, N. ventricosa and N. victorialis)

Nephila plumipes Berland, 1924a: 216, f. 121 (m)

Nephila plumipes Berland, 1931b: 671, f. 12-15 (mf)

Nephila plumipes Chrysanthus, 1971: 42, f. 87-91 (mf)

Nephila plumipes Davies, 1988b: 296, f. 19 (mf)

Nephila plumipes Schneider, Thomas & Elgar, 2001: 410, f. 1 (m)

Nephila plumipes Harvey, Austin & Adams, 2007: 429, f. 8-9, 33-45 (mf)

Nephila plumipes Kuntner, Coddington & Schneider, 2009: 1452, f. 1A (m)

Trichonephila plumipes Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila senegalensis (Walckenaer, 1841) | | West Africa to Ethiopia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013974

Epeira senegalensis Walckenaer, 1841: 94 (Df) Original description

Epeira aubryi Lucas, 1858: 412 (36) (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065352]

Epeira armillipes Doumerc, 1864: 231, pl. 5, f. 1 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065353]

Nephila grayii Blackwall, 1865a: 96 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065354]

Nephila aubryi Brito Capello, 1866: 85, pl. 2, f. 3 (f, S of Nephila grayi)

Nephila senegalensis Simon, 1886g: 371 (Dm, S of Epeira armillipes and Nephila aubryi)

Nephila senegalensis calabarensis Strand, 1908c: 2 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065355]

Nephila senegalensis Dahl, 1912a: 43, 69 (S of Nephila senegalensis calabarensis)

Nephila senegalensis Berland, 1936: 84, f. 30 (m)

Nephila senegalensis Clausen, 1987: 147, f. 1 (m)

Nephila senegalensis Reiche, 1992: 10, f. 3 (m)

Nephila senegalensis Kuntner, Coddington & Hormiga, 2008: 166, f. 7F-H (m)

Trichonephila senegalensis Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila senegalensis annulata (Thorell, 1859) | | Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013975

Nephila annulata Thorell, 1859: 299 (Df) Original description

Nephila lineata Thorell, 1859: 299 (Df)

Nephila transvaalica Pocock, 1892c: 180, pl. 5, f. 4 (Df)

Nephila senegalensis windhukensis Strand, 1906h: 52 (Df)

Nephila senegalensis annulata Dahl, 1912a: 43, 69, 72 (Dm)

Trichonephila senegalensis annulata Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila senegalensis annulata Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2022f: 58, p. 53: 1 f., p. 58: 3 f., p. 59: 2 f. (mf habitus)

Trichonephila senegalensis bragantina (Brito Capello, 1867) | | Central Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013976

Nephila bragantina Brito Capello, 1867: 11, pl. 2, f. 4 (Df) Original description

Nephila senegalensis bragantina Dahl, 1912a: 43, 70, 72

Nephila senegalensis boehmi Dahl, 1912a: 69, 72 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060758]

Nephila senegalensis bragantina Benoit, 1962b: 227 (S of Nephila senegalensis boehmi)

Trichonephila senegalensis bragantina Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila senegalensis hildebrandti (Dahl, 1912) | | Madagascar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013977

Nephila senegalensis hildebrandti Dahl, 1912a: 69, 72 (Df) Original description

Trichonephila senegalensis hildebrandti Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila senegalensis huebneri (Dahl, 1912) | | East Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013978

Nephila senegalensis huebneri Dahl, 1912a: 70, 72 (Df) Original description

Trichonephila senegalensis huebneri Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila senegalensis keyserlingi (Blackwall, 1865) | | DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013979

Nephila keyserlingii Blackwall, 1865b: 343 (Df) Original description

Nephila hymenaea Gerstaecker, 1873: 497, pl. 18, f. 11 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065341]

Nephila senegalensis keyserlingi Pocock, 1898e: 434

Nephila senegalensis keyserlingi Dahl, 1912a: 43, 69, 71 (S of Nephila hymenaea)

Trichonephila senegalensis keyserlingi Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila senegalensis nyikae (Pocock, 1898) | | East Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013980

Nephila senegalensis nyikae Pocock, 1898e: 435 (Df) Original description

Trichonephila senegalensis nyikae Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila senegalensis schweinfurthi (Simon, 1890) | | Yemen urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013981

Nephila schweinfurthi Simon, 1890a: 105 (Df) Original description

Nephila senegalensis schweinfurthi Canard & Dresco, 1975: 790, f. 1-4 (f, subspecific name removed from S of N. sumptuosa)

Trichonephila senegalensis schweinfurthi Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila sexpunctata (Giebel, 1867) | | Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013982

Nephila sexpunctata Giebel, 1867a: 325 (Df) Original description

Nephila fontanae Holmberg, 1876: 18 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059016]

Nephila riverai Brèthes, 1918: 216-218 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059017]

Nephila chacoensis Badcock, 1932: 16, f. 11 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059014]

Nephila dubia Badcock, 1932: 17 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059015]

Nephila sexpunctata Mello-Leitão, 1933b: 43 (S of Nephila riverai)

Nephila sexpunctata Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 155, f. 51 (m)

Nephila sexpunctata Mello-Leitão, 1944b: 321 (S of Nephila fontanae)

Nephila sexpunctata Levi & Eickstedt, 1989: 46, f. 5-15 (mf, S of Nephila chacoensis and N. dubia, both removed from S of N. clavipes, rejecting Mello-Leitão, 1946b: 40)

Nephila sexpunctata Kuntner, Coddington & Schneider, 2009: 1453, f. 2C (f)

Trichonephila sexpunctata Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila sexpunctata Costa & Da Rosa, 2023: 2, f. 1, 2A-B, 4A-C (f)

Trichonephila sumptuosa (Gerstaecker, 1873) | | East Africa, Yemen (Socotra) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013983

Nephila sumptuosa Gerstaecker, 1873: 501, pl. 18, f. 12 (Df) Original description

Nephila amoenula Gerstaecker, 1873: 500 (Df)

Nephila bennetti O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898b: 387, pl. 31, f. 2 (Df)

Nephila sumptuosa Pocock, 1903g: 189, pl. 14, f. 2 (f, Dm)

Nephila (Lionephila) sumptuosa Dahl, 1912a: 43, 69, 71 (Df)

Nephila sumptuosa Kuntner, Coddington & Schneider, 2009: 1453, f. 2A, 4G (mf)

Trichonephila sumptuosa Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila turneri (Blackwall, 1833) | | West, Central Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013985

Nephila turneri Blackwall, 1833: 350 (Df) Original description

Epeira femoralis Lucas, 1858: 414, pl. 12, f. 4 (Df)

Nephila vittata Keyserling, 1864: 142, pl. 5, f. 1-2 (Df)

Nephila dolabella Thorell, 1899: 37 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060756]

Nephila femoralis Pocock, 1900g: 848

Nephila femoralis Simon, 1903e: 83 (Dm)

Nephila femoralis carbonaria Simon, 1903e: 83 (Df)

Nephila femoralis obscurascens Strand, 1906h: 5 (Df)

Nephila femoralis fuscipes Strand, 1906h: 50 (Df)

Nephila (Chondronephila) turneri Dahl, 1912a: 42, 62, 79 (m)

Nephila turneri Benoit, 1962b: 227 (S of Trichonephila dolabella, removed from S of Nephila fenestrata venusta, rejecting Dahl, 1912a: 42)

Nephila turneri Canard & Dresco, 1975: 793, f. 5-9 (m)

Nephila turneri Kuntner, Coddington & Hormiga, 2008: 166, f. 7A-C, M-N (mf)

Trichonephila turneri Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila)

Trichonephila turneri orientalis (Benoit, 1964) | | Central, East Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013986

Nephila turneri orientalis Benoit, 1964b: 317 (Df) Original description

Trichonephila turneri orientalis Kuntner et al., 2019: 557 (T from Nephila) [not explicitely, but 'automatically' together with the nominate form]

Trichonephila vitiana (Walckenaer, 1847) | | Indonesia, Fiji, Tonga urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:013987

Epeira vitiana Walckenaer, 1847a: 471 (Df) Original description

Nephila wallacei Thorell, 1877b: 449 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065286]

Nephila piepersii Thorell, 1877b: 451 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:065287]

Nephila piepersii Merian, 1911: 197, pl. 9, f. 8-9

Nephila (Cyphonephila) vitiana Dahl, 1912a: 36, 59, 61 (S of Nephila piepersii and N. wallacei)

Trichonephila vitiana Yong et al., 2021: 2 (T from Nephila)